Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise

Abstract

Part I. History and Incidence of Use Chapter 1. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Historical Perspective and Definition Charles D. Kochakian and Charles E. Yesalis Endocrine Function of the Testis Androgens: Multiplicity of Male Hormones Anabolic Activity Partial Dissociation of Anabolic Activity From Androgenic Activity Anabolic Steroids Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids Therapeutic and Other Applications Veterinary Applications Summary References Chapter 2. History of Anabolic Steroid Use in Sport and Exercise Charles E. Yesalis, Stephen P. Courson, and James E. Wright Olympic Sports Female Athletes National Doping Programs Professional Football College High School Other Sports Conclusions References Chapter 3. Incidence of Anabolic Steroid Use: A Discussion of Methodological Issues Charles E. Yesalis, Michael S. Bahrke, Andrea N. Kopstein, and Camille K. Barsukiewicz Investigative Journalism Government Investigations Drug Testing Surveys Current Trends Methodological Issues Recommendations References Chapter 4. Prevention of Anabolic Steroid Use Linn Goldberg and Diane L. Elliot Scope of the Problem Drug-Testing Policy Educational Strategies AS Education: The ATLAS Study The ATLAS Program Conclusions References Part II. Effects, Dependence, and Treatment Issues Chapter 5. Effect of Anabolic Steroid Use on Body Composition and Physical Performance Karl E. Friedl Variations in Physiological Response to Anabolic Steroids Comparing Anabolic Steroid Dose and Effects Empirical Strength Studies Composition of Steroid-Induced Body Weight Gain Body Composition Changes After Cessation of Anabolic Steroid Use Neuromuscular and Neuropsychological Effects of Anabolic Steroid Use Sustainment of Androgenicity During Demanding Physical Training Countermeasures for Stress-Induced Catabolic Hormones Improved Aerobic Endurance Performance Conclusions References Chapter 6. Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Physical Health Karl E. Friedl Distinctions Between Types and Doses of Anabolic Steroids Case Reports of Adverse Effects in Anabolic Steroid-Using Athletes Suspected Disease Associations Stroke: A New Association With Anabolic Steroids Prostate: An Androgen Target and Potential for Disease Musculoskeletal Injuries Problems Indirectly Associated With Anabolic Steroids Research on Health Effects Conclusions References Chapter 7. Women and Anabolic Steroids Diane L. Elliot and Linn Goldberg Normal Physiological Effects of Testosterone in Women and Men Prevalence of Anabolic Steroid Use in Females Physical Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Women Psychological Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Females DHEA: A Weak Androgen Physique-Altering Drug Use References Chapter 8. Psychological Effects of Endogenous Testosterone and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids Michael S. Bahrke Anabolic Steroids and Aggressive Behavior in Animals Effect of Endogenous Testosterone Levels on Human Moods and Behaviors Estrogen-Related Aggression Contraceptive Studies and Moods Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Athletes' Moods and Behavior Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Psychological Dependence and Withdrawal Methodological Issues Conclusions References Chapter 9. Anabolic Steroids: Potential for Physical and Psychological Dependence Kirk J. Brower The Nature of Drug Abuse and Dependence Evidence for Dependence on Anabolic Steroids Mechanisms of Anabolic Steroid Dependence Predictors of Anabolic Steroid Dependence Course of Dependence on Anabolic Steroids Prevention and Treatment References Chapter 10. Assessment and Treatment of Anabolic Steroid Abuse, Dependence, and Withdrawal Kirk J. Brower Identification and Assessment Treatment of Withdrawal Conclusions References Chapter 11. Legal Aspects of Anabolic Steroid Use and Abuse Carol Cole Kleinman and C.E. Petit Direct Legal Consequences of Steroid Abuse Indirect Legal Consequences of Steroid Abuse: Criminal Behavior The Proper Role of the Legal System Regarding Steroid Abuse References Part III. Testing and Societal Alternatives Chapter 12. Evolution and Politics of Drug Testing Jim Ferstle The Year of Scandals History of Drug Testing The Roots of Modern Drug Testing Challenges and Limitations in Drug Testing Causes for Criticism of Drug Testing Possible Solutions Outside the IOC Athletes' Rights in Drug Testing 1984: The L.A. Cover-Up More Secrets Testing Issues in Pro and U.S. Collegiate Sports Politics and Pharmacological Warfare Drug Testing and the Media References Chapter 13. Drug Testing and Anabolic Steroids R. Craig Kammerer Blood or Urine Testing? Structures, Chemistry, and Metabolism Technology of Anabolic Steroid Testing Philosophy of Anabolic Steroid Testing Costs of Anabolic Steroid Testing Circumventing Positive Test Results Use of Other Substances Future Directions in Anabolic Steroid Testing References Chapter 14. Societal Alternatives Charles E. Yesalis, Michael S. Bahrke, and James E. Wright Legalization: An End to Hypocrisy? Interdiction: A Question of Cost-Effectiveness Education: Is Anybody Listening? Conclusion: Our Values Must Change References