Abstract
Resistance degradation of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PMZNT) relaxor ferroelectrics during nickel electroplating was investigated by resistivity measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) through the appearance of changes in Nb 3d and Pb 4f spectra. It was found that the insulation resistance of the PMN-based ceramics decreased after electroplating. The XPS analysis showed that the ceramic materials had been reduced by hydrogen during electroplating and Nb4+ and metallic Pb were generated. As a result, oxygen vacancies and free electrons were created and, therefore, increased the conductivity of the ferroelectrics. It was also found that Nb5+ reduction was prior to Pb2+ reduction. On the basis of our experiments, two conduction mechanisms involved in the hydrogen-induced resistance degradation were established.
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