An urban techno-economic hydrogen penetration scenario analysis for Burdur, Turkey

Many countries, including Indonesia, have abundant renewable energy sources (RES), but the share of RES in the current national energy supply is still insignificant. The study aimed to investigate and provide the most feasible combinations of RES that meet domestic electricity demand. For Java and Bali, Indonesia, initially, 35 scenarios, given 4 primary RES (solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal) and municipal solid waste, were assessed based on economic and environmental indicators. This explorative data-driven study found that the existing capacity could only meet 51% of the electricity demand. However, the proposed energy mixes could cover 100% of the electricity demand in 2020 with a required capacity of 8.32–19.10 GW, varying on each scenario. The feasible energy mixes can reduce CO2 emissions by 90–94% compared to a fossil energy mix with gas-fired power plants. The installation, and operation and maintenance costs per life cycle can range from 29–50 and 4–16 billion dollars. The wind-based energy mix, with installed capacities of geothermal (1.16 GW), hydropower (2.87 GW), solar (0.003 GW) and municipal solid waste (0.18 GW) in 2020, showed the highest return on investment (139% ROI) and smallest CO2 emission with highest CO2 reduction (94%). This study provides a scientific method of selecting, projecting, and evaluating viable RES combinations for generating electricity without using fossil fuels.

Mali is endowed with significant untapped renewable energy potentials paradoxically the country is identified as an energy-poor nation characterized by very high dependency on imports of petroleum products and heavy reliance on biomass (wood-fuel and charcoal). Access to electricity remains very low, with significant disparities across urban and rural remote areas. The gap between the electricity demand and supply keeps increasing yearly, and power shortages get frequent and longer, especially during dry periods from March to June. The energy demand increase, due to of population grow and rapid urbanization (causing more use of fossil fuels resources in the energy mix) bears the unsustainability of the country’s current energy supply. The challenge for the country is then to meet this growing energy demand with a sustainable energy supply system. In the present work, Analytical Hierarchy Process technique is applied to perform Multicriteria Decision Making analysis to identify and assess the most sustainable long-term energy supply options in Mali considering technical, environmental, social, and economic dimensions. The current situation and five alternatives of energy supply based on the country’s current and future energy supply and climate change policies are proposed for assessment. Results show that the highest priority indicators by stakeholders’ survey are under economical dimension followed by the technical ones. The best scenario considers deploying renewable energy to up to 42% of the energy mix as the sustainable option for energy supply. Adopting such scenario requires measures as a strong political will to subsidize renewable energy equipment in order to make them affordable and also policies that encourage the use of renewable energy (such as lower taxes and duties). The suggested framework gives decision-makers, authorities, practitioners, and researches an effective tool for the country future energy planning.

The energy transition towards a decarbonized economy requires focused and ambitious policies that must be taken through the agreement of governments, stakeholders, and private companies. The intermittency of renewable energy sources (RES) makes it necessary to implement energy storage systems (ESS) that allow for an uninterrupted supply of low-carbon power. Energy generation and consumption activities are responsible for 75% of global CO2 emissions. Particularly, energy use in commercial and residential buildings is the third major contributor after industry and agricultural activities 1. In this context, hydrogen as an energy vector facilitates and enhances RES penetration in the energy mix. Moreover, it can be employed as a fuel or commodity to obtain other chemical compounds 2. Hence, hybrid renewable hydrogen-based systems (RHS) can play a key role in buildings decarbonization 3. On top of that, green hydrogen may tackle other problems such as energy poverty faced by the most vulnerable and disadvantaged citizens 4.In this context, the SUDOE ENERGY PUSH project proposes an innovative solution for the overall management of social housing located in the regions of southwestern Europe to increase the energy efficiency of public buildings and improve the living standards of vulnerable citizens. Through passive renovation, RES, and BIM methodology, it aims at reducing the consumption and emissions of buildings and at improving the comfort of the inhabitants, overcoming the risks of energy poverty. In this context, a pilot plant combining RES and hydrogen technologies has been implemented in a social housing in Cantabria (Spain) to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of the system. This demonstration is aimed at achieving energy self-sufficiency of the house throughout the year while saving remarkable amounts of primary energy and CO2 emissions. The primary source of the system will be solar photovoltaic (PV) energy. To combat PV intermittency and harness the periods with energetic surpluses, different energy storage systems (ESS) have been installed within the pilot plant: lithium-ion batteries for short-term energy storage and hydrogen-based technologies for seasonal energy storage. Furthermore, a compressor has been included to reduce the hydrogen storage volume and a programmable logic controller (PLC) rules the operation of the configuration based on the state of charge of the batteries, so that the PLC decides which equipment operates at what time. Finally, the pilot plant is continuously monitored to optimize the control algorithm and enhance the overall performance of the implementation.To carry out the design of the system, an hourly load profile has been built by compiling real consumption data from the smart meter of a home during a year to obtain an accurate hourly load demand. Subsequently, meteorological resources of the location have been considered to obtain an hourly renewable generation profile. Furthermore, equipment costs and characteristics, apart from compressor energy demand have been taken into account. The main objective is to reduce the system size and the resulting levelized cost of energy, as well as increasing the overall efficiency of the system 5.According to the simulated operation of the pilot plant, the home can be disconnected from the grid, saving up to 7,000 kWh per year of primary energy from the grid, 1,000 kg per year of CO2 emissions while consuming 100% clean electricity and more than 600 € per year in electricity bills. As per November 2022, more than 3,500 kWh of primary energy, more than 500 kg of CO2 and more than 400 € have been saved in a six month period, showing a great correlation between the simulation and the real outcomes obtained during the normal functioning of the plant. Acknowledgment This research is being supported by the Project ENERGY PUSH SOE3/P3/E0865, which is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERPF) in the framework of the INTERREG SUDOE program, as well as the project, “HYLANTIC”-EAPA_204/2016 within the framework of the INTERREG ATLANTIC program. Furthermore, the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities is also supporting this investigation through the projects PID2021-123120OB-I00, TED2021-129951B-C21 and PLEC2021- 007718 References 1 H. Ritchie and M. Roser, CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions.2 I. Staffell, et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2019, 12, 463–491.3 V. M. Maestre, A. Ortiz and I. Ortiz, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2021, 152, 111628.4 V. M. Maestre, A. Ortiz and I. Ortiz, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 2022, 97, 561–574.5 V. M. Maestre, A. Ortiz and I. Ortiz, J. Energy Storage, 2022, 56, 105889. Figure 1

Cabled underwater information networks (CUINs) have evolved over the last decade to provide abundant power and broad bandwidth communication to enable marine science. To ensure reliable operation of CUINs, it is essential to have the technology for high-impedance fault diagnosis and isolation with high reliability and accuracy. The short-circuit grounding high-impedance fault status of mesh topology constant current remote supply system was diagnosed by analyzing the variation difference of equivalent current in the Laplace transform domain. Shore power feeding equipment (SPFE) supplied the power for underwater system individually from both terminals, and the fault location was located by calculating the shunt loss of the current in the trunk before and after the fault. Thus, the fault was isolated to maintain normal operation of the rest of the system and improve the reliability of CUINs. According to the established typical mesh topology constant current remote supply system circuit model, the fault location scheme was designed to simulate the faults of the cable sections in the different links in the constant current remote supply system, and the changes of current located at the primary nodes (PNs) in the Laplace transform domain before and after the fault were analyzed. The results show that the equivalent current of each PN changes when a fault occurs in the system, and the location of the fault point can be analyzed by comparing the shunt loss of the current in the trunk before and after the fault. The designed method of short-circuit grounding high-impedance fault diagnosis and location for a constant current remote supply system is suitable for the fault monitoring and judgment of CUINs with high feasibility and practicality. Furthermore, it provides technical support for the resulting effective determination of faults, isolation of faults, protection of equipment, and improvement of the system reliability.

The search for novel catalytic processes is essential to combat climate change by tapping into sustainable hydrogen technologies, which rely on low-carbon H2 production and efficient H2 storage for global transportation. Ammonia, which can function as a H2 carrier for later dehydrogenation in COx-free hydrogen production, is recognized as one of the key solutions. The utilization of nonthermal plasma to catalyze reactions is a plausible means of replacing CO2-polluting fossil-dependent thermal processes. In this perspective, we summarize currently explored mechanistic insights in the catalytic plasma reactions to evaluate their readiness for industrial applications and propose future research outlooks in plasma-driven hydrogen technologies, with a primary focus on ammonia reactions. Relevant reaction mechanisms and catalytic design in other reaction systems that involve hydrogen storage (e.g., CO2 hydrogenation, CO2 methanation) and hydrogen production (e.g., methane reforming) are also evaluated to supplement our primary discussion on ammonia synthesis and decomposition. We further discuss possible implications of using plasma catalysis from the perspective of energy efficiency in comparison to existing thermal-catalytic counterparts, wherein we include insights obtained from different reaction systems, catalyst design innovations, and reactor engineering. Herein, we present current research gaps and propose future research directions to achieve energy-efficient catalytic plasma hydrogen technologies.

Energy Flexibility through the Integrated Energy Supply System in Buildings: A Case Study in Sweden

Quantifying the challenge of reaching a 100% renewable energy power system for the United States

The development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) originated in the 1920 s of the 20th century and was used for air strikes on the battlefield. In the following decades, unmanned aerial vehicles were developed and used for military activities many times. At present, the energy supply types of mainstream unmanned aerial vehicles are divided into three types: battery power supply, liquid fuel power supply and hybrid oil and electricity power supply. However, the current mainstream unmanned aerial vehicle energy supply system still has disadvantages, so in the future, the development direction of unmanned aerial vehicles must be the lack of improving unmanned aerial vehicle Systems, and innovation is achieved in unmanned aerial vehicle technology with new technology. The commercial and military development of drones depends on new technology, this paper aims to review the current situation of unmanned aerial vehicle industry and predict the future development trend and direction of unmanned aerial vehicle industry in combination with the current situation.

The discovery of an ideal energy source is always a dream for humans since ancient times. Wood, coal, petroleum and natural gas have played an important role as energy sources in the long history of humans, even at present. However, they are C-, H-, and O-based energy sources, which cause the emission of greenhouse gas CO2. Therefore, the whole world is always searching for a low-emission or zero-emission energy source. Currently, hydrogen and battery technologies are the two key energy solutions for CO2 emission reduction. Hydrogen technology can use water as a raw material to produce H2, which seems to be an ideal solution for low- or zero-emission. However, hydrogen technology has the drawback of low energy conversion efficiency, as well as hydrogen storage and transportation issues. Current battery technology including Li-ion batteries and Na-ion batteries suffers from the disadvantages of battery waste, low safety, low charge speed, and high costs. In this work, in order to overcome the disadvantages of hydrogen and battery technologies, we developed a high-energy-density super flow battery powered by hydrogen peroxide, a kind of zero-emission and low-waste H- and O-based energy source, for energy storage and supply. Unlike conventional one-stage redox flow batteries, the super flow battery has two stages to improve its energy density. We utilized hydrogen peroxide as a catholyte regeneration agent in the second-stage tank of the super flow battery to significantly increase its energy density. We found that the energy density of hydrogen peroxide catholyte regeneration agents and Na2S anolyte materials reached 305 Wh kg−1 and 421 Wh kg−1, respectively, using the two-stage structure of the super flow battery, which endowed the super flow battery with a higher energy density than that of the Li-ion and conventional flow batteries.

The deployment of rasterization constant current remote supply system of submarine observation network is concerned. The number of deployment nodes is maximized and the total construction cost is reduced as the goal. The basic reliability of the system is taken as the constraint condition, and the genetic algorithm is used to optimize and design the rasterized constant-current remote supply system, which proposes the best deployment scheme. The simulation results show that this algorithm has a good convergence effect and is suitable for the design of constant current remote supply system of seabed observation network.

A review on renewable energy-based chemical engineering design and optimization

Analysis of energy security indicators and CO2 emissions. A case from a developing economy

Hydrogen is expected to play an important role in the energy mix of a future low carbon society, (the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan of the European Commission (COM 2007 - 723) and in the Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program-Multi-Year Research, Development, and Demonstration Plan of the USA Department of Energy (DoE 2007). \nHydrogen safety issues must be addressed in order to ensure that the wide spread deployment and use of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies can occur with the same or lower level of hazards and associated risk compared to the conventional fossil fuel technologies. Hydrogen safety is a EU Policy relevant issue as it is stated in the priority 3 Action 2 (Continuous improvement in safety and security) of the EU “Energy 2020 A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy”: “The same security and safety considerations will also be upheld in the development and deployment of new energy technologies (hydrogen safety, safety of CO2 transportation network, CO2 storage, etc…)”\nComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is one of the tools to investigate safety issues related to the production, storage, delivery and use of hydrogen. CFD techniques can provide a wealthy amount of information on the dynamics of hypothetical hydrogen accident and its consequences. The CFD-based consequence analysis is then used in risk assessments. This report describes the output of a workshop organised at the Institute for Energy and Transport (JRC) in Petten, Netherlands to identify the gaps and issues in CFD modelling of hydrogen release and combustion. \nA hydrogen accident usually follows a typical sequence of events: an unintended release, the mixing of hydrogen with air to form a flammable mixture, the ignition of the flammable cloud and depending on the conditions, and a fire or an explosion (deflagration or/and detonation). For each stage of the accident, the critical CFD issues have been identified and prioritised. Beyond the specific issues of CFD modelling that are described for each accident stage in the report, some general modelling issues can be found in all stages:\n• lack of an extensive validation of CFD codes/models that covers all the relevant range of conditions that can be found in hypothetical accident scenarios e.g. in terms of geometrical lay-out, leak flow rates.\n• lack of a CFD validation protocol for hydrogen like it exists for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): the Model Evaluation Protocols (MEP) for assessment of models for accident consequences, with guidance on evaluating models in terms of scientific assessment, verification and validation. \n• lack of a database of experiments for validation of hydrogen models.\n• in some cases, lack of complete and accurate experimental data for the CFD validation.\nThe goals of this work were to perform a state of the art review in CFD modelling of hypothetical accidents scenarios related to hydrogen technologies and identify and prioritise the gaps in the field.\nThe report is based on a dedicated workshop organised in Petten with the participation of external experts an extensive literature review performed by experts in the field and the direct expertise and experience of the experts. The experts were carefully selected according to their experience/expertise, number of scientific publications and participations to International Conferences, seminars, workshops and to international and/or European co-funded projects such as HySafe (Hydrogen Safety), HyApproval (Approval of Hydrogen Re-fuelling Stations), European Integrated Hydrogen Projects.\nBy performing a state of the art review of CFD modelling for hydrogen safety issues, a consensus was reached among the scientific experts as to the main gaps in the field and on the priority of the research needs.

Currently, modern hydrogen technologies, due to their low or zero emissions, constitute one of the key elements of energy transformation and sustainable development. The growing interest in hydrogen is driven by the European climate policy aimed at limiting the use of fossil fuels for energy purposes. Although not all opinions regarding the technical and economic potential of hydrogen energy are positive, many prepared forecasts and analyses show its prospective importance in several areas of the economy. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of modern materials, current hydrogen technologies and strategies, and show the opportunities, problems, and challenges Poland faces in the context of necessary energy transformation. The work describes the latest trends in the production, transportation, storage, and use of hydrogen. The environmental, social, and economic aspects of the use of green hydrogen were discussed in addition to the challenges and expectations for the future in the field of hydrogen technologies. The main goals of the development of the hydrogen economy in Poland and the directions of actions necessary to achieve them were also presented. It was found that the existence of the EU CO2 emissions allowance trading system has a significant impact on the costs of hydrogen production. Furthermore, the production of green hydrogen will become economically justified as the costs of energy obtained from renewable sources decrease and the costs of electrolysers decline. However, the realisation of this vision depends on the progress of scientific research and technical innovations that will reduce the costs of hydrogen production. Government support mechanisms for the development of hydrogen infrastructure and technologies will also be of key importance.

A data envelopment analysis model integrated with portfolio theory for energy mix adjustment: Evidence in the power industry