Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) can be widely applied in daily necessities and industrial fields, leading to their mass production and discharge. Their highly active and easily bio-accumulative characteristics have resulted in environmental accumulation and toxic effects. The studies with regard to the behaviors and effects of Ag NPs have received wide attentions. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the latest studies on behaviors and effects of Ag NPs based on plants, animals, and human cells models in the following aspects: physiological and biochemical alterations, variations in subcellular structure, molecular regulation (DNA, RNA, protein, and metabolites), and translocation, transformation, and internalization especially in different trophic levels or maternal transfer. Moreover, the physico- or geo-chemical properties of Ag NPs can be modified by environmental medium/conditions, leading to the variations in behaviors and effects of Ag NPs. Overall, the transfer of Ag NPs through food chain or maternal transfer and the environmental influences on behaviors and effects of Ag NPs may represent new research fronts. This review can promote in-depth understanding of Ag NP behavior and effects, simultaneously facilitating further research not only for Ag NPs, but also for other emerging contaminants.
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