Abstract
Waterlogging or flooding in agricultural soil constructs a complex abiotic stress-web in crop plants throughout the lowland agricultural system. In rice, a staple grain crop in the world, submergence creates a long-term and recurrent problem for crops withstanding and their succeeding productivity. Therefore, to restore a satisfactory yield instead of a failure of crop in such submerged areas, the analysis of plants' responses is important. Such analysis will facilitate research about the entity components of plants responses to anoxia or submergence. For example, the development of cellular and molecular cascade in gene expression of ROS signaling and its subsequent responses may lead to either tolerance or susceptibility in plants. Interplay of plant growth regulators [e.g., ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA) etc.] is the well-recognized residues in the coordination of signaling, its transmission through cellular network, and finally, modulation of gene expression are the keys to such tolerance. Nucleotide elements that are specifically sensitive to ethylene have been rescued from land-races of aus-type group of rice (Oryza sativa) and those are considered as the prime determinants for tolerance against anoxia. In this comprehensive text, we tried to accommodate and revise the fundamental and pivotal mechanisms of submergence stress at different angles of physiological and cellular responses of plants. These have also been reviewed for modern state of art techniques deciphering the molecular rejoinders like microRNA, protein-protein interaction, feedback regulation of expression, sugar sensing, amplification of elicitor's responses and others. Finally, strategies including physiological selection, metabolic engineering, marker assisted selection, genetical manipulation, interspecific hybridization are involved in developing stress resilience and plants' architecture to support sustainable agriculture under lowland systems.
Highlights
Climate change has been a pre-historic event that appears in different scenarios with facets to affect the vegetation
This is accompanied by an increase of fermentation mechanism and shifting the plants towards the anaerobic mode of respiration linking to repression of genes for elongation of the internodal tissues and carbohydrate metabolism. sub1A in turn is responsible for feedback regulation of ET generation by blocking the key gene(s) biosynthesis
Expression of ET-dependent genes increased the activities of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) demonstrating the heritable cellular responses under induced submergence [16]. All this is subjected to the availability of sub1A based ET governing to forward the quiescence strategies in intolerant genotypes exposed to submergence
Summary
Climate change has been a pre-historic event that appears in different scenarios with facets to affect the vegetation. Significant loss of genetic diversity including stress responses of different cultivars might possess some transferable traits to support tolerance to other related species in question. This approach essentially includes a mass selection or trial of wider ranges of genotypes either to adopt to a particular, or multi-stress factor(s). This chapter may encompass the updates of proceedings regarding submergence tolerance with other advanced content of signaling cascade, regulation with microRNA, the contribution of polymorphism of proteins, specific environmental elicitation etc This would cover the approaches for biotechnological interventions, modern state of art and strategies in developing specific crop ideotypes against anoxic reaction as well as to modulate in favor of sustenance. The insights are expected to have the identification of heritable determinants in lieu of climate resilient crops under changing global environment
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