Abstract
Brain iron load is one of the most important neuropathological hallmarks in movement disorders. Specifically, the iron provides most of the paramagnetic metal signals in the brain and its accumulation seems to play a key role, although not completely explained, in the degeneration of the basal ganglia, as well as other brain structures. Moreover, iron distribution patterns have been implicated in depicting different movement disorders. This work reviewed current literature on Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Brain Iron Detection and Quantification (MRI-BIDQ) in neurodegenerative processes underlying movement disorders.
Highlights
In movement disorders, conventional magnetic resonance imaging is the most common and least invasive technique of neuroimaging
Iron provides most of the paramagnetic metal signals in the brain, and their increases are observed in different neurodegenerative diseases, in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) syndrome, and in other disorders including Huntington’s disease (HD) [4] and Parkinson’s disease (PD) [5, 6]
globus pallidum (GP), caudate nucleus (CN), and PUT: increased iron deposition in pre-HD and HD compared to HC Iron accumulation in PUT and CN associated with disease severity
Summary
Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) is the most common and least invasive technique of neuroimaging. A novel method to assess paramagnetic and diamagnetic substances is represented by quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) [20], that is, an advanced MRI postprocessing technique solving the inverse source-effect problem to quantify local tissue magnetic susceptibility from the major magnetic field distribution (Figure 1). QSM extracts the spatial distribution of magnetic susceptibility from T2∗-weighted MRI phase or local field data, by removing the signal contribution of the non-biological background field ,that is, an advanced MRI postprocessing technique solving the inverse source-effect problem to quantify local tissue magnetic susceptibility from the major magnetic field distribution (Figure 1). QSM extracts the spatial distribution of magnetic susceptibility from T2∗-weighted MRI phase or local field data, by removing the signal contribution of the nonbiological background field [21]. The QSM has proven to be an accurate method for estimating iron levels in vivo, by showing an increased susceptibility [22]
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