Abstract

Heterobasidion species are amongst the most intensively studied polypores because several species are aggressive white rot pathogens of managed coniferous forests mainly in Europe and North America. In the present study, both morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses were carried out on Heterobasidion samples from Asia, Oceania, Europe and North America. Three new taxa were found, i.e., H. armandii, H. subinsulare, and H. subparviporum are from Asia and are described as new species. H. ecrustosum is treated as a synonym of H. insulare. So far, six taxa in the H. annosum species complex are recognized. Heterobasidion abietinum, H. annosum, and H. parviporum occur in Europe, H. irregulare, and H. occidentale in North America, and H. subparviporum in East Asia. The North American H. irregulare was introduced to Italy during the Second World War. Species in the H. annosum complex are pathogens of coniferous trees, except H. subparviporum that seems to be a saprotroph. Ten species are found in the H. insulare species complex, all of them are saprotrophs. The pathogenic species are distributed in Europe and North America; the Asian countries should consider the European and North American species as entry plant quarantine fungi. Parallelly, European countries should consider the American H. occidentale and H. irregulare as entry plant quarantine fungi although the latter species is already in Italy, while North America should treat H. abietinum, H. annosum s.s., and H. parviporum as entry plant quarantine fungi. Eight Heterobasidion species found in the Himalayas suggest that the ancestral Heterobasidion species may have occurred in Asia.

Highlights

  • The polypore genus Heterobasidion Bref., which belongs to the family Bondarzewiaceae, is one of the most intensively studied basidiomycetous genera because some species of Heterobasidion are aggressive pathogens of managed coniferous forests in Europe and North America (Woodward et al, 1998)

  • Partition homogeneity test showed no conflicts for the RPB1 and RPB2 combined loci (P = 0.019, P ≥ 0.01)

  • The amino acid sequences from RPB1 and RPB2 were combined into a single sequence set

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Summary

Introduction

The polypore genus Heterobasidion Bref., which belongs to the family Bondarzewiaceae, is one of the most intensively studied basidiomycetous genera because some species of Heterobasidion are aggressive pathogens of managed coniferous forests in Europe and North America (Woodward et al, 1998). Mating studies have revealed that both H. annosum and H. insulare are species complexes (Korhonen, 1978; Dai and Korhonen, 1999; Dai et al, 2002, 2003). Heterobasidion abietinum Niemelä and Korhonen (Eur F-group), H. annosum (Fr.) Bref. The East Asian taxon in the H. annosum species complex was considered as H. parviporum (Dai and Korhonen, 1999, 2003; Dai et al, 2006; Dai, 2012; Chen et al, 2015). Investigations based on mating tests, morphological characteristics and molecular analyses revealed several species within the Asian H. insulare complex: H. linzhiense Y. C. Dai and Korhonen (2009), H. ecrustosum Tokuda, T. Buchanan from Australia and adjacent regions (Buchanan, 1988) was confirmed to be a member of the H. insulare species complex (Chen et al, 2015)

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