An Update on Genome Editing with the Utilization of CRISPR/Cas 9 System for Evaluation and Treatment of Human Diseases - A Systemic Review

Abstract

The CRISPR/Cas9-techique again emerged in 2012 with the generation of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based gene editing that represents a modulation tool that has been obtained from the defense system of the some bacteria, against viruses in addition to plasmids. This is an economical , simple approach that has got utilized in a lot of experimental models inclusive of cell lines, various laboratory animals, plants, as well as human Clinical trial. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is constituted of guiding the Cas 9 nuclease for generation of site-directed double stranded DNA break with the utilization of small RNA molecules for directing. It is an event that results in permanent manipulation of the genomic target sequence which can heal the injury that occurs in the DNA. Thus here we conducted a systematic review utilizing search engine pubmed, google scholar and other sutilizing the MeSH terms like zinc finger nucleases; TALENs; CRISPR/Cas9 system; DSB; genome editing; trans-encoded small cr RNAs(tracr RNAs); single guide gRNA; Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM); endonuclease; HNH domain; Ruv C-like nuclease domain; insertions along with deletions (indels); dead Sp- Cas9 (d Sp- Cas9); n Sp- Cas9 (n Cas9)]. Hirshsprung disease; Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal Hyperperistalsis Syndrome (MMIHS); β-haemoglobinopathies; Sickle Cell Disease (SCD); β thallasaemia, is Human Papilloma Virus (HPV); human immunodeficiency virus(HIV); Hepatitis B virus(HBV); cancers; neurological diseases; from 1990 to 2021 till date. We found 2050 articles out of which we selected 141 articles for this review. No meta-analysis was done. Here we present approaches as well as manipulations of enzyme Cas9 for removal of target cuts away the various applications of CRISPR/Cas9 system for looking besides activation as well as repression. Furthermore, we outline the therapeutic aspects besides the latest updates in their utilization in various human diseases.