Abstract
Bacterial infections occur when wound healing fails to reach the final stage of healing, which is usually hindered by the presence of different pathogens. Different topical antimicrobial agents are used to inhibit bacterial growth due to antibiotic failure in reaching the infected site, which is accompanied very often by increased drug resistance and other side effects. In this review, we focus on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), especially those with a high potential of efficacy against multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria and fungi present in wound infections. Currently, different AMPs undergo preclinical and clinical phase to combat infection-related diseases. AMP dendrimers (AMPDs) have been mentioned as potent microbial agents. Various AMP delivery strategies that are used to combat infection and modulate the healing rate—such as polymers, scaffolds, films and wound dressings, and organic and inorganic nanoparticles—have been discussed as well. New technologies such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas) are taken into consideration as potential future tools for AMP delivery in skin therapy.
Highlights
Skin wound healing is a complex and highly orchestrated process that consists of four overlapping stages, namely inflammation, proliferation, migration, and the maturation of the new tissue [1,2]
This is attributed to the fact that bacteria within biofilms are 100 to 1000-fold more tolerant to antimicrobial agents, delaying the healing of infected wounds [7]
The main goal of this review is to identify and discuss potent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are able to eradicate multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria in wound infections and AMPs acting as wound-healing promotors
Summary
Skin wound healing is a complex and highly orchestrated process that consists of four overlapping stages, namely inflammation, proliferation, migration, and the maturation of the new tissue [1,2]. Infected wounds are an alarming cause of death, especially in immunocompromised and diabetic patients, which poses a significant clinical and economic burden for the patients and the healthcare system In these contexts, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are used as promising alternatives to counter bacterial infections and control microbial spreading. The most advanced computational tools to predict the biological activity of the AMPs with the best accuracy have been described in depth by different authors in the literature [12,15,16,17] These “tailored” AMPs could help overcome microbial resistance and improve pathogen killing. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), called host defense peptides (HDPs), are found in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals They typically consist of 10–50 amino acid residues (very rarely up to 100 amino acids) and generally possess cationic (net charge ranging from −4 to +20) and amphipathic structures. The biological activity of AMPs against both Gram-positive (Gram (+)) and Gram-negative (Gram (−)) bTachteerbiaio, lvoigriucsaelsa, catnivditfyunogf iAhMasPds raagwaninstpebcoitahl aGttreanmti-opno,siptiavretic(uGlraarmly (t+h)e)iranadbilGityratmo-knielgl aMtivDeR b(aGctrearmia ([−2)4)].bAacMtePrisa,acvtirmuosesstl,yabnyd dfuisnrugiphtiansgdthraewinntesgpreitcyiaolfatthtencteiollnm, pemarbtircaunlea,rlwyhtihcehirisaabcicliotymtpoankielld bMy DthRe lbeaackteargiea o[2f4v]e. sAicMlePssanacdt omthoesrtlcyelblyuldariscroumptpinognethnetsiwntietghriintya ovferthyeshceolrlt mtimeme.brTaynpei,cwalhlyi,chthiesir inatcecroamctpioaniiesdbabsyedthoenlethakeaeglecotrfovsteastiiccleasttarnacdtiotnhberetcweleleunlatrhceonmepgaotnivenetlys cwhiathrginedabvaecrtyersiahlowrtatlilmaen.d pToysipticvaelllyy,cthhaerigr eidntAerMacPtison[2i5s].baSsuebdseoqnutehnetleyl,eoctnrcoesttahtiec ianttterraacctitoionnbiestweseteanbltishheende, gAatMivPeslyachceasrsgetdhe pbhaocstperhioallipwiadllbailnadyepromsietimveblryancheaarngdedstAarMt tPosa[g2g5r]e. gSautbes,elqeaudeinntglyt,ootnhcee ftohremianttieornacotifodniffisereesntatbcloismhpedle,x stAruMcPtusraecsctehsrsotuhgehpahtolsepahsot lfiopuidr dbiilsatyinecrtmmeemchbarannisemasn,dsustcahrtatsothagegfroergmaatet,iolenaodfin“gagtogrtehgeaftoer”m, “attoioronidofal pdoirfef”e,re“nbtarcroeml-sptlaetxe”s,torur c“tcuarrepsett”hrmouodghelsa,tolrevasiat mfoeumr bdriasntiencptemrmeecahbainliizsmatiso, nsuthcaht awsotuhled floearmd afitnioanllyotfo c“elalglgyrseisg.aTteh”e,s“etomroecidhaalnpisomres”a, r“ebdarerseclr-isbteadte”in, odret“acialrbpyetR”iomsoedtealls.,[o1r0]vaiandmTemhabpraaneet aple. r[m3]e. aIbnilaidzadtiitoionn tothtahtewseobuilldayleeradmfeimnabllryantoe mceellchlyasnisis. mThs,eAseMmPeschcaannidsmiffsusaerevdiaecsycrtiobpeldasimn idcemtaeilmbbyraRnioesaentdaal.cc[1u0m] uanladte inTthraapcealluetlarally. , [s3u]b. sIenquaedndtiltyiobnlotcokinthgesDeNbAilaryeperlicmateimonbraannde dmiseruchpatninisgmRsN, AAManPds pcraonteidnifsfuynsethvesiais, wchyitcohpliansmtuicrnmleemadbsratnoe caenldl wacaclul mlyusliast.e BinutfroacrienlluIIl,arplyle,usurobcsiedqiune, natnlydbdloecrkminagseDpNtinAarreepleicxaatmiopnleasndof thdoissreu[p2t6in].gARrNeAcenant dstupdroytesihnoswyendthtehsaist,swomhiechAiMn tPusrsnulcehadass tcoatcheellliwciadlilnlsys[i2s7.]BaunfdorpinapIIi,lipolceiunro[2c8id] icna,n aacnt dviadtehremparsoedputicntioanreofexreaamctpivleesooxfygthenossepe[c2i6e]s. (AROrSec)eanntdsmtuidtoychsohnodwreiadl dthyasftusnocmtioenA, tMhuPsslesaudcihngasto cceallthaeploicpitdoisniss.[27] and papiliocin [28] can act via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to cell apoptosis
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