Abstract
Various factors leads to cancer; among them oxidative damage is believed to play an important role. Moreover, it is important to identify a method to detect the oxidative damage. Recently, electrochemical sensors have been considered as the one of the most important techniques to detect DNA damage, owing to its rapid detection. However, electrode materials play an important role in the properties of electrochemical sensor. Currently, researchers have aimed to develop novel electrode materials for low-level detection of biomarkers. Herein, we report the facile hydrothermal synthesis of NiCo2O4 micro flowers (MFs) and NiCo2S4 micro spheres (Ms) and evaluate their electrochemical properties for the detection of carcinogen-causing biomarker 4-nitroquinoline n-oxide (4-NQO) in human blood serum and saliva samples. Moreover, as-prepared composites were fabricated on a glass carbon electrode (GCE), and its electrochemical activities for the determination of 4-NQO were investigated by using various electrochemical techniques. Fascinatingly, the NiCo2S4-Ms showed a very low detection limit of 2.29 nM and a wider range of 0.005 to 596.64 µM for detecting 4-NQO. Finally, the practical applicability of NiCo2S4-Ms in the 4-NQO spiked human blood serum and saliva samples were also investigated.
Highlights
Bimetallic oxide and sulfide-based nanoparticles have been widely used in the field of electrochemical application [1,2,3]
The FESEM images of the NiCo2S4 Figure 1C,D show that obtained particles were micro structured spheres, which were regularly distributed with an average particle size of 1.64 μm
The electrochemical properties and electrocatalytic activity were examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV); i-t amperometry was carried out CHI 1205A
Summary
Bimetallic oxide and sulfide-based nanoparticles have been widely used in the field of electrochemical application [1,2,3]. A well-known electrode material with superior electrocatalytic property prepared based on nickel and cobalt due its higher surface area, structures and unique morphologies than monometallic oxides or sulfides [4,5,6,7,8]. We have synthesized hierarchical spinel NiCo2O4-MFs and NiCo2S4-Ms as an electrode material for the electrocatalytic reduction of 4-NQO detection. The better response occurs on the NiCo2S4-Ms modified electrode because sulfides provide the lower bandgap energy and less electronegativity than oxides [8,9,10]. The synthesis method for NiCo2S4 and NiCo2O4 with various structures such as, micro flowers, nanoprism [11], nanoplates [12] and nanorods [13] and their electrocatalytic properties were previously reported. The chemical reaction in hydrothermal process occurs due to the influential high-temperature and pressure, which results the formation of exceptional products [17]
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