Abstract

BackgroundThe Recalled Parental Rearing Behavior questionnaire (FEE, [1,2]) assesses perceived parental rearing behavior separately for each parent. An ultra-short screening version (FEE-US) with the same three scales each for the mother and the father is reported and factor-analytically validated.MethodsN = 4,640 subjects aged 14 to 92 (M = 48.4 years) were selected by the random-route sampling method. The ultra-short questionnaire version was derived from the long version through item and factor analyses. In a confirmatory factor analysis framework, the hypothesized three-factorial structure was fitted to the empirical data and tested for measurement invariance, differential item functioning, item discriminability, and convergent and discriminant factorial validity. Effects of gender or age were assessed using MANOVAs.ResultsThe a-priori hypothesized model resulted in mostly adequate overall fit. Neither gender nor age group yielded considerable effects on the factor structure, but had small effects on means of raw score sums. Factorial validities could be confirmed. Scale sums are well-suited to rank respondents along the respective latent dimension.ConclusionThe structure of the long version with the factors Rejection & Punishment, Emotional Warmth, and Control & Overprotection could be replicated for both father and mother items in the ultra-short screening version using confirmatory factor analyses. These results indicate that the ultra-short screening version is a time-saving and promising screening instrument for research settings and in individual counseling. However, the shortened scales do not necessarily represent the full spectrum covered by the full-scale dimensions.

Highlights

  • The Recalled Parental Rearing Behavior questionnaire (FEE, [1,2]) assesses perceived parental rearing behavior separately for each parent

  • Most empirical results were obtained in retrospective studies using two questionnaires: First, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI [5]) with its clinical version, the Measure of Parenting Style (MOPS [6]) and second the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (EMBU, Own Memories of Child Rearing Experiences [7])

  • Psychometric properties as well as the factorial structure of the FEE short version with 24 items had been specified in a representative sample [12]

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Summary

Introduction

The Recalled Parental Rearing Behavior questionnaire (FEE, [1,2]) assesses perceived parental rearing behavior separately for each parent. The German short version of the original EMBU, the Fragebogen zum erinnerten elterlichen Erziehungsverhalten (FEE, Recalled Parental Rearing Behavior [1,2]), comprises those eight translated EMBU items per scale that had the highest factor loadings in factor analysis. For the FEE, they are defined as follows [1,2]: (1) Paternal/maternal Rejection and Punishment assesses overly strict, discerning parental behavior and rejections which were perceived to be inappropriate by the child. The FEE has already been implemented in different studies examining the validity of perceived parental rearing behavior [1,2,13,14,15,16], e.g. to examine the congruence of the recalled of the perceived parental rearing behaviour among siblings [13]. Relationship characteristics as well as attachment patterns were successfully matched to the perceived parental rearing in clinical samples [14,15,16]

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