Abstract
The present in vitro study evaluated the smear layer formed with newer Protaper series of rotary instruments in comparison with the conventional hand instruments and the Profile series of rotary instruments. The results of the study showed that the Protaper series of rotary instruments caused the maximum amount of smear layer, followed by the Profile series of rotary instruments. The hand instruments caused the least amount of smear layer. The second phase of the study evaluated the efficacy of smear layer removal using different combinations of irrigants. The results of the study showed that 3% sodium hypochlorite in combination with 15% EDTA liquid removed the maximum amount of smear layer, followed by the combination of 3% sodium hypochlorite and GLYDE (EDTA gel). The smear layer removal was the least, when 3% sodium hypochlorite was used alone.
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