Abstract
Transcription factors, enhancers, promoters, and translation of genetic code is still in a wide argument of different views in many living organisms for their poorly characterized at the molecular level. It was shown that the coexistence of high mono – methylation levels of lysine 4 of histone H3 is considered a signature of enhancers. Gene expression could be altered by epigenetic and some biotic and abiotic stresses. Some sugars, hormones or amino acids could also alter gene expression. However, some investigators have shown that increased methylation at promoters was associated with down – regulated protein – coding gene expression . In genomic DNA methylation levels, it was found 24 nt small RNAs only were correlated with methylation. Other investigators have set framework for modelling gene regulation, three dimensions were set to draw the graph framework; DNA microstates (vertices), the transitions between microstates, (edges) and the transition rates (edge labels). They believed that their graph will provide a broader foundation for understanding how genes regulate their expressions. More recently, a team of Australian investigators in Medical Res. have shown a new i-motifs; a four–stranded DNA knot in living human cells. These i- motifs were believed to be responsible in helping genes to switch on or off. Future investigations in gene expression will probably be shown in different models than we have learned.
Highlights
The gene images were different in minds of scientists, due to continuous discoveries in cell organelles functions, miRNAs, and epigenomics
Enhancers are DNA elements contain binding sites for transcription factors involved in transcription of genes or the genetic material of cells .Rahman et al[32] showed that eRNAs are localized exclusively in the nucleus and are induced with some kinetics as target mRNAs .On the other hand, at the single – allele level, eRNAs are rarely co-expressed with their target loci, demonstrating that active gene transcription does not require the continuous transcription of eRNAs or even their accumulation at enhancers
They did not explain the reason of that difference affinity, but they believed that their finding suggests a reason why a specific kind of gene regulation is especially abundant in living beings. miRNAs and histone methylation Through the last two decades, many researches have been done on small non –coding RNA,(mRNAs),especially those of 20-24 nt
Summary
The gene images were different in minds of scientists, due to continuous discoveries in cell organelles functions, miRNAs, and epigenomics. Transposons, ribosomes, inhibiting factors, epigenomics, etc all could be involved in mechanisms of transcription and translations of gene DNA.
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