Abstract
Objectives: To present a general overview of rice agronomic practices and transplanting operations by considering the interactions of soil, plant, and machine relationship in line with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) cultivation practice. Methods: Some of the problems challenging Malaysian rice growers, as well as yield increase and total rice production in the last four decades, were first addressed and discussed. The trend in the world rice production between 1961 and 2014 was used to predict the production in 2020 and to show that Southeast Asian countries are expected to increase their production by 27.2%. Findings: A consistently increasing pattern from 3.1 tons/ha during 1981 to 4.1 tons/ha in 2014 was observed in the rice yield of Malaysia due to the advances in technology and improved farming operations coupled with integrated management and control of resources. Various literatures were reviewed and their findings of the best transplanting practices were summarized to discuss how SRI contributes to the production of higher rice yield with improved transplanting practices through a more effective root system. Our review shows that wider spacing, availability of solar radiation, medium temperature, soil aeration, and nutrient supply promote shorter Phyllochrons which increase the number of tillers in rice. In this regard, modification and development of a transplanter that complies with SRI specification require determination of optimum transplanting spacing, seed rate, and planting pattern to significantly improve yield. Improvement: It was concluded that for maximum yield, the SRI method in Malaysia should emphasize on planting of one seedling per hill with space of 0.25 m for optimum water consumption, nutrient and pest management. Keywords: Nursery Management, Paddy, Seedling, System of Rice Intensification, Transplanting
Highlights
Asian Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most widely and leading cultivated cereal in the world, second to wheat in its annual contribution to food consumption[1]
The objective of this paper is to presents a general overview of relevant literature on rice agronomic practices and transplanting operations, by considering the interactions of soil, plant, and machine relationship in line with System of Rice Intensification (SRI) cultivation practice
Some of the major benefits of the transplanting operation can be summarized as (i) assisting in extending the growing season by growing the plants indoors before outdoor conditions become favorable for their growth and development, (ii) reducing problems associated with germination by setting out seedlings that have grown to certain stage rather than direct seeding, and (iii) protecting the young seedling from the infestation, pest and diseases attacks until they are sufficiently established
Summary
Asian Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most widely and leading cultivated cereal in the world, second to wheat in its annual contribution to food consumption[1]. It is a strategic crop for many Asian countries and is sometimes referred to as the “wonder cereal”, commanding respect and recognition because of being a staple food for more than half the ethnic groups around the world. Its cultivation requires a temperate climate, rainfall between 120 and 140 mm, temperature between 21 and 37 °C, and a heavy to sandy loam soil It is planted in different ecological regions with diverse production potentials, mostly as the main source of food for Asian and southeast Asian countries including Malaysia. Major Rice producer countries in 2014 and their shared percentage of world production were China (28.1%), India (21.22%), Vietnam (6.07%), Thailand (4.4%), Pakistan (5.13%), and the United States (1.35%), with Malaysia contributing as low as 0.36% (Figure 1)
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