Abstract
Biodiesel production has considerably increased in recent decades, generating a surplus of crude glycerol, which is the main drawback for the economy of the process. To overcome this, many scientists have directed their efforts to transform glycerol, which has great potential as a platform molecule, into value-added products. A promising option is the preparation of oxygenate additives for fuel, in particular those obtained by the etherification reaction of glycerol with alcohols or olefins, mainly using heterogeneous catalysis. This review collects up-to-date research findings in the etherification of glycerol, either with isobutene (IB) or tert-Butyl alcohol (TBA), highlighting the best catalytic performances reported. Furthermore, the experimental sets employed for these reactions have been included in the present manuscript. Likewise, the characteristics of the glycerol ethers–(bio)fuel blends as well as their performances (e.g., quality of emissions, technical advantages or disadvantages, etc.) have been also compiled and discussed.
Highlights
Nowadays, fossil fuels are the main energetic source in the world
As acrolein.On the other hand, the low solubility of glycerol into fuels makeswith its use as toxicity, fuel additive the glycerol ethers solubility of glycerol into fuels makes its use as fuel additive unsuitable
The results showed that mono-tert-Butyl glycerol ethers (MTBGs) and DIB were the first products obtained on A-15, while
Summary
Fossil fuels are the main energetic source in the world. as industrialization and modernization increase day by day, it is expected that the demand of these energetic resources will continue to increase. Amongfuel all additives the options transform glycerol into value-added chemicals,By the production of additive is a chemical substance that can be blended with fuel (diesel, gasoline, and/or biodiesel) and it oxygenated fuel additives has gained greater attention in recent years [10,27,28,29,30]. One of the most promising fuel additives, taking into account the production, is a mixture of di-tert-Butyl glycerol ethers (DTBGs) and tri-tert-Butyl glycerol ether (TTBG), cost of production, is a mixture of di-tert-Butyl glycerol ethers (DTBGs) and tri-tert-Butyl glycerol the so-called h-GTBE, obtained by the etherification reaction of glycerol, either with isobutene (IB). The values of conversion and yield to the desired products, have been compiled and discussed
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