Abstract
Resveratrol is the most important stilbene phytoalexin synthesized naturally or induced in plants, as a part of their defense mechanism. Grapes and their derivative products, including juice and wine, are the most important natural sources of resveratrol, consisting of notably higher amounts than other natural sources like peanuts. Consumption of red wine with its presence of resveratrol explained the “French Paradox”. Hence, the demand of resveratrol from grapes is increasing. Moreover, as a natural source of resveratrol, grapes became very important in the nutraceutical industry for their benefits to human health. The accumulation of resveratrol in grape skin, juice, and wine has been found to be induced by the external stimuli: microbial infection, ultrasonication (US) treatment, light-emitting diode (LED), ultra violet (UV) irradiation, elicitors or signaling compounds, macronutrients, and fungicides. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, coumaroyl-CoA ligase, and stilbene synthase play a key role in the synthesis of resveratrol. The up-regulation of those genes have the positive relationship with the elicited accumulation of resveratrol. In this review, we encapsulate the effect of different external stimuli (biotic and abiotic stresses or signaling compounds) in order to obtain the maximum accumulation of resveratrol in grape skin, leaves, juice, wine, and cell cultures.
Highlights
Consumers are very conscious and interested in their good health through controlling their diet.Their concerns are increasing due to adverse diet-related health conditions including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and the consequent social and economic costs [1]
We have summarized the effect of different external stimuli on the biosynthesis of resveratrol, grapes
A dramatic increase in the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzymatic activity was observed in Panax ginseng cells due to the ultrasonication treatment [50], which is accountable for deamination of phenylalanine coumaryl CoA, the precursor of resveratrol biosynthesis [51]
Summary
Consumers are very conscious and interested in their good health through controlling their diet. The effects of different biotic and abiotic agents on the induced synthesis of resveratrol in plant tissues have been studied widely. Resveratrol can be induced in grapes by both biotic and abiotic factors, including in fungi [13,14,15], UV-C irradiation, jasmonic acid (JA),. Has been usedTherefore, in the nutraceutical industry and this compound in grapes single orResveratrol combined external our studies summarize an anticancer and anti-aging agent. Itonwill be worth studying the maximum induction of of different biotic and abiotic the induction of the resveratrol accumulation in compound in grapes using single or combined external stimuli. We have summarized the effect of different external stimuli on the biosynthesis of regulated throughofan enzymatic reaction
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