Abstract
The introduction of capsule endoscopy two decades ago marked the beginning of the “small bowel revolution”. Since then, the rapid evolution of microtechnology has allowed the development of drug delivery systems (DDS) designed to address some of the needs that are not met by standard drug delivery. To overcome the complex anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, several DDS have been developed, including many prototypes being designed, built and eventually produced with ingenious drug-release mechanisms and anchoring systems allowing targeted therapy. This review highlights the currently available systems for drug delivery in the GI tract and discusses the needs, limitations, and future considerations of these technologies.
Highlights
The pressing need for small bowel (SB) endoscopy, with the aspiration of minimizing the discomfort of invasive gastrointestinal (GI) examination [1], has driven creative collaborations
The purpose of this review is to provide a wide overview of capsule-driven drug delivery systems for the gastrointestinal tract, starting from early prototypes; an in-depth focus on the currently available devices is provided
The activation may fail due to interposed tissues weakening the electromagnetic signal; the content may leak if the sealing of the outer shell isn’t perfect; and, the site targeting before the release lacks precision and practicality
Summary
The pressing need for small bowel (SB) endoscopy, with the aspiration of minimizing the discomfort of invasive gastrointestinal (GI) examination [1], has driven creative collaborations. This compact casing houses a recorder or data transmitter, white-light-emitting diodes, a lens capable of magnified and high-speed photography and an internal battery The evolution of this design has led to adaptations, such as allowing magnetic control and extended battery time. For example, require a second camera head and are slightly longer, such as the PillCamTM COLON2 (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) which is 32.3 × 11.6 mm Improvements, such as these, have opened exciting possibilities and the prospect of using the CE devices as a vehicle for targeted therapy has been realized. If wishing to treat SB Crohn’s disease with the localized delivery of drugs, one may need a CE device that has a relatively small diameter and has an efficient modality for prolonged drug release
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