An Overview of Monitoring and Surveillance Technologies for Geothermal Systems

Abstract

ABSTRACT One of the main drivers for climate change is greenhouse emission caused by burning fossil fuels. In order to combat climate change, geothermal energy represents a renewable and sustainable energy alternative. Geothermal power stations can reach a capacity of 1,500 MW with minimal effects on CO2- triggered climatic changes. In order to assure peak performance, avert catastrophes, and reduce environmental effects, geothermal systems must be continuously monitored and maintained under surveillance. Recent developments in monitoring and surveillance technologies have made it possible to monitor geothermal systems in real-time, giving important insights into their operation and enabling the early identification of potential concerns. These include seismic networks, piezometer, geochemical, gravity measurements, tracer tests, corrosion probes, and fiber optics. This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art monitoring and surveillance technologies for geothermal systems used for electricity generation. The paper also includes case studies of monitoring and surveillance systems used on various geothermal applications. For instance, The Geysers power plant (U.S.A.) and Larderello power plant (Italy) will provide insights on successful monitoring and surveillance practices. The paper draws following conclusions from literature review and case studies: monitoring and surveillance technologies are essential for the effective and secure operation of geothermal system. The results can be used to develop and refine geothermal reservoir simulation models. Furthermore, these technologies are essential for early detection of corrosion processes, which are common in operating geothermal systems. Additionally, the monitoring of geothermal systems enhances the understanding on its impact on the environment, such as triggered hydraulic connectivity to shallow groundwater resources or land subsidence. Further study and development in the field of monitoring and surveillance technologies can significantly enhance the performance, dependability, and sustainability of geothermal systems. In particular, this paper introduces types of sensors and monitoring systems utilized in geothermal applications, difficulties and constraints associated with monitoring and surveillance in geothermal systems, and the possibilities for further research and development in this field.