Abstract
BackgroundChlamydiae are intracellular bacteria that cause various severe diseases in humans and animals. The common treatment for chlamydia infections are antibiotics. However, when antibiotics are misused (overuse or self-medication), this may lead to resistance of a number of chlamydia species, causing a real public health problem worldwide.Materials and methodsIn the present work, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Science direct and Web of Science. The primary purpose is to analyse a set of data describing the genes and mutations involved in Chlamydiae resistance to antibiotic mechanisms. In addition, we proceeded to a filtration process among 704 retrieved articles, then finished by focusing on 24 studies to extract data that met our requirements.ResultsThe present study revealed that Chlamydia trachomatis may develop resistance to macrolides via mutations in the 23S rRNA, rplD, rplV genes, to rifamycins via mutations in the rpoB gene, to fluoroquinolones via mutations in the gyrA, parC and ygeD genes, to tetracyclines via mutations in the rpoB gene, to fosfomycin via mutations in the murA gene, to MDQA via mutations in the secY gene. Whereas, Chlamydia pneumoniae may develop resistance to rifamycins via mutations in the rpoB gene, to fluoroquinolones via mutations in the gyrA gene. Furthermore, the extracted data revealed that Chlamydia psittaci may develop resistance to aminoglycosides via mutations in the 16S rRNA and rpoB genes, to macrolides via mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. Moreover, Chlamydia suis can become resistance to tetracyclines via mutations in the tet(C) gene. In addition, Chlamydia caviae may develop resistance to macrolides via variations in the 23S rRNA gene. The associated mechanisms of resistance are generally: the inhibition of bacteria’s protein synthesis, the inhibition of bacterial enzymes’ action and the inhibition of bacterial transcription process.ConclusionThis literature review revealed the existence of diverse mutations associated with resistance to antibiotics using molecular tools and targeting chlamydia species’ genes. Furthermore, these mutations were shown to be associated with different mechanisms that led to resistance. In that regards, more mutations and information can be shown by a deep investigation using the whole genome sequencing. Certainly, this can help improving to handle chlamydia infections and healthcare improvement by decreasing diseases complications and medical costs.
Highlights
Chlamydiae are intracellular bacteria that cause various severe diseases in humans and animals
The present study revealed that Chlamydia trachomatis may develop resistance to macrolides via mutations in the 23S rRNA, rplD, rplV genes, to rifamycins via mutations in the rpoB gene, to fluoroquinolones via mutations in the gyrA, parC and ygeD genes, to tetracyclines via mutations in the rpoB gene, to fosfomycin via mutations in the murA gene, to MDQA via mutations in the secY gene
The results showed that after twelve passage, C. pneumoniae (TW-183) acquired low level resistance to rifampin and rifalazil with Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (0.25 μg/ ml) and (0.016 μg/ml) respectively, at the genomic level, two mutations were selected in the predicted rifamycin resistance region of C. pneumoniae TW-183 rpoB gene: the Leu456 → Iso (L456I) associated to resistance to rifampin and the Asp461 → Glu (D461E) associated to resistance to rifalazil
Summary
Chlamydiae are intracellular bacteria that cause various severe diseases in humans and animals. Chlamydiae are Gram-negative bacteria; obligate intracellular pathogens and symbionts of diverse organisms, ranging from human to amoebae [1]. Benamri et al Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob (2021) 20:59 studied group in Chlamydiae phylum is the Chlamydiaceae family, which comprises of 11 species that are pathogenic to humans and animals [1]. Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae represent the main human pathogenic species. They are responsible for a wide range of diseases. C. trachomatis is a pathogen responsible for ocular and urogenital infections [2–4], while, C. pneumoniae is strongly involved in respiratory diseases and described to be associated with atherosclerosis [3, 5–8]. Chlamydia psittaci can be transmitted accidently to humans, causing respiratory tract problems [9]. The mouse pathogen Chlamydia muridarum serves as an experimental model for genital tract infection studies [10]
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