Abstract
This paper examines existing and future direct current (DC) distribution systems with a wide range of applications in data centers, telecommunication systems, commercial buildings, residential homes, electric vehicles, spacecraft, and aircrafts. DC distribution systems have many advantages and disadvantages over their alternating current (AC) counterparts. There are a few surviving examples of DC distribution systems; among them are the telecommunication systems and data centers that use the low-voltage 48 Vdc systems. However, recently, there has been a move towards higher DC bus voltages. In this paper, a comparative study of different DC distribution architectures and bus structures is presented and voltage level selection is discussed for maximizing system efficiency and reliability, reducing system costs, and increasing the flexibility of the system for future expansion. Furthermore, DC distribution systems are investigated from a safety standpoint and the current global market for these distribution systems is also discussed.
Highlights
direct current (DC) power distribution systems were first proposed for lighting purposes and were patented by Edison in 1883 [1]
A DC distribution system can be considered a DC bus connected to various sources (AC grid, renewables, and energy storage systems) and loads; typically, alternating current (AC) grid being the main source of supply
The various merits of distributed power architecture can be attributed to five basic configurations that are used in order to supply specific loads
Summary
DC power distribution systems were first proposed for lighting purposes and were patented by Edison in 1883 [1]. The optimum DC bus voltage level selection is done to maximize system efficiency, reliability, and flexibility of the system for future expansion while reducing system costs. This paper discusses the DC bus voltage level selection based on different safety standards and investigates the different aspects of DC systems in terms of system reliability and efficiency, ease of integration of renewable energy and energy storage systems, and availability of protection equipment and components.
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