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Abstract
Aim: An overview and comparative evaluation of head and neck cancer risk factors in India and Australia. Method: In this review we included articles with information on head and neck cancer risk factors and its association based on: smoking tobacco, alcohol, smokeless tobacco, betel nut and areca nut chewing, viral infection like HPV, dental hygiene, diet, family history, socioeconomic status, other heavy metals and systemic conditions. Articles with clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis were excluded. Results: Head and neck cancer in India has different demographic, risk factors, dietary habits, personal and family history. Oral cancer is more common amongst all head and neck squamous cell cancers in males. This is mainly attributed with consumption of a variety of smokeless tobacco, smoking, alcohol, poverty, illiteracy, cultural, advanced stage at presentation; lack of good treatment infrastructure creates main challenge to India as compared to Australia. Conclusion: The knowledge about risk factors for HNC in public health education for general population supports health promotion and tobacco prevention, which is the main aim of the programs started by the government, as head and neck cancers are potentially preventable.
Highlights
This is mainly attributed with consumption of a variety of smokeless tobacco, smoking, alcohol, poverty, illiteracy, cultural, advanced stage at presentation; lack of good treatment infrastructure creates main challenge to India as compared to Australia
The knowledge about risk factors for HNC in public health education for general population supports health promotion and tobacco prevention, which is the main aim of the programs started by the government, as head and neck cancers are potentially preventable
We collected data from published literature by carried out a organized search using key words with risk factors, tobacco, alcohol, betel nut chewing, human papilloma virus, environmental factors and other risk factors for HNC from Medline, Pubmed and Google Scholar using a combination of subject headings and keywords
Summary
With 0.47 million cases diagnosed per year in India alone, HNCs are the second most common cancers in the Indian population by National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research [3]. The incidence of HNC seems to be 12.3 per 100,000 in Australia and 22 per 100,000 population in India, accounts for about 30% of all types of Indian cancers [6] [7]. HNC is the most common cancer of males in India and the fifth most common in females [8]. In India, 90% - 95%, whereas, in Australia more than 90% of HNC originates from the mucosal lining of the mouth and oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, sinonasal tract, and nasopharynx [10]
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