Abstract
The apparent conflict in palæontological evidence is still more aggravated if the views of several able palæobotanists be taken into consideration. Plant-remains have been frequently found from the Shansian rocks in various parts of northern China. They amount to a copious flora. Numerous species are described by Newberry, Schenk, Abbado, Zeiller, Zalescky, and Yokoyama. In some cases these writers agree in assigning the flora to the Upper Carboniferous. The presence of Tœniopleris multinervis, which is said to have never been found in Europe below the Autunian stage, and a number of its allied species, such as Lepidodendron gaudryi, Calamites cf. leioderma, has, however, led Zeiller to conclude that the coal-bearing Shansian rocks in the Shan-si Province range from the highest Stephanian to the Lower Permian. Schenk also holds that the coal-bearing series of Kai-ping, eastern Chi-li, and that of Pen-hsihu, Manchuria, are of Permian age.
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