Abstract
Noticeable in two-parameter bifurcation diagrams for several neural models is the juxtaposition of cusps and Bogdanov–Takens points. We find parameters for Morris–Lecar and Hodgkin–Huxley models where the two bifurcations merge at a degenerate Bogdanov–Takens-cusp codimension three bifurcation that has been analyzed by Guckenheimer (1986) and Dumortier et al. (1991). This rich singularity has an unfolding as a simple second-order cubic dynamical system which can be used for modeling and analysis. We argue the importance and discuss consequences of this bifurcation as a minimal organizing center for two-dimensional type I excitable membranes.
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