Abstract
Abstract A model that computes orchard foliage temperature distributions in a heated orchard is described. The energy balance for individual foliage elements is computed, considering thermal radiation from the environment, plus the radiative and convective effects of an array of orchard heaters. The model is used to analyze various heater configurations and densities, and to determine rates of fuel consumption required for frost protection. The results indicate that radiative heating of the foliage by the heaters is as important as convective heating of the air, even though only one-fifth of the fuel contributes to radiation emission. Further, results suggest several simple passive methods for increasing the efficiency of orchard heating.
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