Abstract
This paper presents a smart electrical car park model where the power flows among electrical vehicles(EVs) as well as between EVs and the main grid. Based on this model, an optimal charging/discharging scheme is proposed. The fluctuation of hourly electricity rates is considered in this strategy to select a proper charging/discharging rate for each EV with less expenditure during each charging period. The proposed smart electrical car park is able to buy or sell electricity in the form of active and/or reactive power, i.e. kWh and/or kVARh, from or to the main grid to improve the power quality. According to the current state of charge of the EV's battery bank, customers and the grid demands, a control center makes the decisions and sends the instructions of specific charging/discharging mode to each charging station. The performance of the proposed charging/discharging algorithm is simulated in Matlab. A comparison between the proposed and the unregulated charging/discharging strategies has been implemented. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can achieve better economic profits for EV customers and increase the commercial benefits for the car park owner.
Highlights
Due to the fast depletion of fossil fuels and large quantities of greenhouse gas emissions, efficient and clean electric vehicles(EVs) have drawn great attention recently[1,2]
Compared with EVs used in public transportation, personal EVs are much larger in number, but are employed for only around 4% of the day for transport[8]
We propose an approach of a smart electrical car park to enable the personal EVs to participate in the energy market
Summary
Due to the fast depletion of fossil fuels and large quantities of greenhouse gas emissions, efficient and clean electric vehicles(EVs) have drawn great attention recently[1,2]. Taking advantage of the new V2G technology and appropriate economic strategy, this car park is able to yield profits by providing effective services to the EV customers and the electricity supplier[13,14,15,16] Inspired by this issue, we propose an approach of a smart electrical car park to enable the personal EVs to participate in the energy market. (1) Taking the real hourly electricity rate and EVs batteries constraints into consideration, the proposed smart car park system can minimize the expenditure for EV owners and reduce the cost for the car park operators at the same time.
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