Abstract
Parrots are among the most popular pets in the world and they are also some of the most illegally traded, particularly in Brazil. Some computational tools were recently developed by researchers based on molecular databases for taxonomy support, forensic identification and conservation purposes. In this study, the DNA Surveillance platform was used to build an online database tool for molecular identification of Brazilian Psittacids using DNA sequences of six mitochondrial genes. To illustrate possible taxonomic issues of the online tool due to interspecific hybridization or unresolved taxonomy, we focused on Amazona aestiva that is considered as one of the most common parrots in Brazil, commonly bred as pets, and considered to be part of a species complex with Amazona ochrocephala from South America. We provide three curated sequence databases, which allow the species identification of individuals or tissue samples of birds of the Psittacidae family using mitochondrial DNA markers, and a comprehensive description of a taxonomic issue involving the A. ochrocephala complex. The results obtained corroborate previous studies suggesting that these species are not reciprocally monophyletic, due to either an ancient hybridization in central Brazil, or, they maybe just are morpho-varieties of the same species. Alternatively, if A. aestiva and A. ochrocephala were considered as sister species, the data could be interpreted either as a result of secondary contact or incipient speciation. Beyond the use of mtDNA for species identification, the high mtDNA haplotype diversity observed in A. aestiva indicates its potential use in discrimination of lineages that could be an important auxiliary tool to certify the captive origin of legally commercialized parrots.
Highlights
Psittacidae is the avian family with the highest percentage of endangered species, with 27% of its species listed as vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered [1]
The analyzed blood samples were taken from 46 specimens of Amazona aestiva kept in captivity in the Vale Verde Ecological Park, a legal commercial breeding facility that is located in the city of Betim, Minas Gerais state, Brazil
The three databases and the identification tool are available in the DNA-Surveillance website in the following link: http://dna-surveillance.fos.auckland.ac.nz:23060/page/parrots/title
Summary
Psittacidae is the avian family with the highest percentage of endangered species, with 27% of its species listed as vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered [1]. Psittacids of genus Amazona are popularly known as parrots and are among the most threatened of the order Psittaciformes [2]. This genus is comprised of 33 species; 16 of them are threatened and two (A. martinicana and A. violacea) are extinct, according to the IUCN Red List [3]. The evolutionary history of genus Amazona was investigated in a few studies [5]-[7]. Amazona aestiva, which is considered as one of the most common parrots in Brazil, forms a species complex with A. ochrocephala from South America [5] [7]
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