An observational investigation of unemployment, underemployment, and competitive integrated employment of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities in 2021-2022

Abstract

BackgroundEmployment is an important component of community living, and a precursor to economic stability and independence. Despite this, research consistently demonstrates people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have low rates of community-based employment. However, little research has been conducted to quantify competitive integrated employment, and which individuals have better employment outcomes as it relates to competitive integrated employment. ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the ways in which key service-related and demographic characteristics of individuals with IDD are associated with participation in competitive integrated employment. MethodsWe used the 2021–2022 National Core Indicators Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities In-Person Survey dataset. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses, using chi-square and generalized linear models, to examine the cross-sectional relationship between employment and demographic and service-related characteristics for 4629 individuals with IDD. ResultsOverall, 42% of the sample was unemployed but wanted a job, while 39% were underemployed and just 21% have competitive integrated employment. Several demographic and service-related characteristics were significantly associated with employment. After controlling for demographic and service-related correlates of employment, having an employment-related goal in one's service plan was associated with 4.5 (95% CI: 3.6–5.5) times higher odds of competitive integrated employment relative to unemployment. ConclusionsThis study underscores the value of person-centered planning for improved employment outcomes. Further research is needed to fully understand potential inequities in employment and system-level factors that are associated with competitive, integrated employment, as well as solutions to improve access to customized individual employment supports for all people with IDD.