Abstract
Advances in many analytical techniques allow the detection of compounds in water at very low concentrations (ng/L), which has facilitated the identification of many compounds in drinking water that went previously undetected. Some of these compounds are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), which is broadly defined as any chemical or microorganism that is not currently being routinely monitored but has recently been identified as being present in the environment, and that may pose health or ecological risks. CECs can include pharmaceuticals, personal health care products and pesticides. Some CECs can act as endocrine disruptors, interfering with the normal functioning of the human endocrine system, potentially influencing foetal and child development. Although the level of many of these compounds are orders of magnitude below known acute toxicity levels, the health impact of long term exposure at low levels is mostly unknown. In this study, we present the results of a national survey over four seasons of potential CECs in the drinking water of major South African cities. The contaminants most often detected were the related herbicides atrazine and terbuthylazine, and the anticonvulsant and mood-stabilising drug, carbamazepine. The levels of these CECs were well below maximum levels proposed by the World Health Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency. However, the range of CECs detected in drinking water, and seasonal and geographic variability in CECs levels, warrant a more frequent screening programme.
Highlights
Advances in analytic technologies allow the identification of chemical compounds at exceedingly low concentrations (10-9 g/L) in drinking water.[1]
This permits the identification of compounds which, until recently, were undetectable in water. These compounds fall into broad categories, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products
Because we are only becoming aware of the presence of these chemicals in drinking water, most of these compounds are not included in routine monitoring programmes
Summary
Advances in analytic technologies allow the identification of chemical compounds at exceedingly low concentrations (10-9 g/L) in drinking water.[1]. Because we are only becoming aware of the presence of these chemicals in drinking water, most of these compounds are not included in routine monitoring programmes These compounds are generally present at concentrations several orders of magnitude below established acute toxicity levels, the effect of longterm exposure to very low concentrations of these compounds on human health and development is not known. This is relevant to pharmaceutical contaminants, which are designed to be physiologically active at very low concentrations. There is a pressing need to investigate the potential health impacts of these compounds in drinking water, collectively known as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs).[2,3]
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