An investigation of the sol–gel process in ionic liquid–silica gels by time resolved Raman and 1H NMR spectroscopy

Abstract

We report, by employing time resolved Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, on the gelation process in ionogels. These are prepared from a non-aqueous sol-gel reaction in the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (C(1)C(6)ImTFSI). Raman and NMR spectroscopies are complementarily used to decipher the chemical reactions that occur during synthesis and to clarify the state of the ionic liquid up to, and well beyond, gelation. We find that the ionic liquid concentration affects both the reaction rate and the gelation time (t(gel)). In addition, NMR and Raman data reveal inherently different roles of the cation and the anion in the gelation process. While the oscillating behavior of the TFSI Raman signature at ~740 cm(-1) is mainly an effect of solvation and chemical composition, the evolution of the relative chemical shifts (Δδ) of different hydrogen atoms on the imidazolium correlates with gelation, as does the width of the chemical shift of -OH containing groups (δ(OH)). We also observe that in the confined state the TFSI anion preferably adopts the cisoid conformation and experiences a stronger ion-ion interaction.