Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and sustained focus is on the discovery and development of newer and better tolerated anticancer drugs, especially from plants. In the present study, a simple, eco-friendly, and inexpensive approach was followed for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Eclipta prostrata. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Selected area (electron) diffraction (SAED). The HRTEM images confirmed the presence of triangle, radial, hexagonal, rod, and rectangle, shaped with an average size of 29 ± 1.3 nm. The functional groups for synthesized ZnO NPs were 3852 cm−1 for H-H weak peak, 3138 cm−1 for aromatic C-H extend, and 1648 cm−1 for Aromatic ring stretch. The 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT), caspase and DNA fragmentation assays were carried out using various concentrations of ZnO NPs ranging from 1 to 100 mg/mL. The synthesized ZnO NPs showed dose dependent cytopathic effects in the Hep-G2 cell line. At 100 mg/mL concentration, the synthesized ZnO NPs exhibited significant cytotoxic effects and the apoptotic features were confirmed through caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation assays.
Highlights
Cancer is a deadly class of diseases whose mortality levels have increased every year [1]
Decline of Zn(NO3)2 was visually evident from the color change and completed within 120 min with a stable ruby-red color indicating the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)
UV-Vis study disclosed the fact that the leaf extract of E. prostrata exhibited rapid and stable synthesis of Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs, which showed peak absorption at 372 nm (Figure 1)
Summary
Cancer is a deadly class of diseases whose mortality levels have increased every year [1]. Fas ligand (FasL), which results in the activation of the caspase-8, mitochondria-dependent path and the caspase-3-dependent pathway, triggering the cytoplasmic release of pro-apoptotic mitochondrial pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins before leading to apoptosis [4]. To beat this issue, it is important to create and plan new techniques, apparatuses, and drugs for the investigation and treatment of malignancy [5]. Biomedical applications of synthesized ZnO NPs using aqueous leaf extract of E. prostrata were carried out to assess the anticancer activities (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay, Caspase-3, -8, -9 assay, and DNA fragmentation assay) against Hep-G2 cell lines
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