An Investigation of Sea Surface Temperature Influence on Microwave Refractivity: The Wallops-2000 Experiment

Abstract

AbstractThe Wallops-2000 experiment took place in April and May 2000 in the vicinity of Wallops Island, Virginia, to collect high-resolution measurements of microwave propagation and coincident meteorological parameters in a complex coastal environment. These data are used in conjunction with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model to examine the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) on microwave ducting. Analysis of time series of meteorological fields at the location of an instrumented buoy indicates reliable forecast skill. Statistics from vertical profiles and of derived ducting characteristics (duct frequency, duct strength, duct-base height, and duct thickness) show that the model reproduced observed duct characteristics with modest accuracy, allowing for a 3–6-h error in synoptic airmass transitions. In addition to the control run, two experiments are conducted to examine the impact of SST on ducting. In one experiment a climatological SST field is used, and in the other a diurnal variation in SST is imposed. The higher SST in the diurnally varying simulations promotes stronger turbulent mixing, deep boundary layers, and small vertical gradients in mixing ratio in comparison with the control, which lead to reduced duct frequency and strength in many cases. The study further reveals that, while advection of large-scale air masses (vertical and horizontal) plays a crucial role in determining whether an environment is favorable for microwave ducting, diurnal variations in SST can be influential in determining the onset of ducting and the frequency of surface-based ducting in coastal regions.