Abstract
The explosive development phase of an extratropical cyclone (ETC) is examined using output generated by the fifth-generation PSU‐NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). A full-physics run of MM5 with 60-km grid spacing was used to simulate the intensive observation period (IOP)-4 storm of 4‐5 January 1989 from the Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic (ERICA). A diagnosis of the simulated ETC is performed using the Zwack‐Okossi (Z‐O) equation to examine the forcing mechanisms influencing development. A secondorder Shapiro filter is used to partition the terms in the Z‐O equation into synoptic-scale and subsynoptic-scale contributions to the near-surface synoptic-scale geostrophic vorticity tendency. Results confirm that previous work using the Z‐O equation at coarser resolutions correctly identified synopticscale processes as the most important cyclone development mechanisms. However, the results also show that both adiabatic and diabatic subsynoptic thermal processes can make important contributions to synoptic-scale ETC development.
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