Abstract
<div>PolyLactic Acid (PLA) is the most widely used material for 3D printing, especially in industrial applications. PLA is an environment-friendly material as it is biodegradable and has high stiffness and low cost. But PLA shows brittle nature when subjected to out-of-plane loading, i.e. impact. Hence, in this paper, a pendulum impact test apparatus was used to perform impact tests and understand the impact damage characteristics of 3D printed PLA coupons. A high-speed and an infra-red camera were used to investigate the impact damage characteristics of the coupons and understand the failure mechanisms. 24 coupons were printed on a Prusa i3 MK2S 3D printer with a 0° raster angle and different layer thickness. The layer thickness was varied from 0.10 mm to 0.18 mm and the coupons were impacted with 3 J impact energy at two different impact locations, which were, at the center and near the upper clamped edge. For impact at the center of the specimen, the absorbed energy first increased and then decreased and the coupons with higher absorbed energy showed more damage. The absorbed energy was always higher for the coupons impacted at the second location, i.e. near the clamped edge with an only exception in the case of 0.16 mm layer thickness. Coupons with 0.16 mm layer thickness had the highest absorbed energy percentage for the impact to the plate center, however for the impact near the clamped edge, 0.12 mm layer thickness had the highest absorbed energy percentage. Specimens with cracks in the direction perpendicular to the orientation absorb more energy than the specimens with cracks in the direction of extrudates. And specimens with only horizontal or vertical cracks absorb less energy than the coupons with cracks in multiple directions.</div>
Highlights
1.2 Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) known as Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is one of the most popular additive manufacturing technology
The results showed that the properties of GRPP printed samples were very close to the PP compression-molded ones showing the effect of glass fiber reinforcements on pure PP
Since three samples were tested for each case, the rebound energy values are recorded for each sample to calculate the absorbed energy, but to calculate absorbed energy percentage, the average of all three absorbed and rebound energy values was taken
Summary
Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) known as Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is one of the most popular additive manufacturing technology. In this technique, parts can be printed using a range of materials including fiber reinforced composites with less cost and waste. Parts can be printed using a range of materials including fiber reinforced composites with less cost and waste In this process, the material is fed to the printer in the form of a spool and the material from this spool goes into the liquefier head and the material is heated to get to a semi-liquid stage. The extrusion nozzle lays the material onto the printing bed in the desired shape, angle and pattern. One of the major drawbacks of using FFF as an additive manufacturing technology is that only materials having low glass transition temperature and high viscosity can be used to print parts and the final printed parts are anisotropic in nature [3,4]
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