An investigation into different nickel and nickel–phosphorus stacked thin coatings for the corrosion protection of electrical contacts

Abstract

Abstract This paper presents an investigation on the corrosion performance of Ni/Au (NA), Ni–P/Ni/Au (PNA), Ni–P/Au (PA), Ni/Ni–P/Au (NPA) and Ni–P/Ni/Ni–P/Au (PNPA) coating stacks for electrical contact application. These five stack arrangements were exposed to sodium chloride neutral salt spray test (NSS) and mixed flowing gas test (MFG). Post-corrosion analyses were carried by X-ray diffraction, focused ion beam microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, spectrophotometry and pits counting to evaluate the performance of each stack. Pitting behavior due to the MFG was explained through a proposed dominant pit concept. Results showed that multi-layer stacks, such as PNA, NPA, and PNPA, displayed worse corrosion resistance than single-layered stacks (NA, PA). The pitting in multi-layer stacks was attributed to the introduction of Ni and Ni–P interfaces that has accelerated the corrosion due to galvanic coupling. Removing these interfaces proved effective for corrosion prevention against NSS and MFG environments. Corrosion that occurred in the nickel layer grew horizontally while in the Ni–P penetrated vertically. This was attributed to the arrangement of Ni and Ni–P within a stack. The tunneling corrosion through the Ni–P layer became more pronounced as the Ni–P thickness was reduced, possibly due to an increase in the film porosity.