Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) technological assistance for infectious disease surveillance is urgently needed when outbreaks occur, especially during pandemics. The IoT has great potential as an active digital surveillance system, since it can provide meaningful time-critical data needed to design infectious disease surveillance. Many studies have developed the IoT for such surveillance;however, such designs have been developed based on authors' ideas or innovations, without consideration of a specific reference model. Therefore, it is essential to build such a model that could encompass end-to-end IoT-based surveillance system design. This paper proposes a reference model for the design of an active digital surveillance system of infectious diseases with IoT technology. It consists of 14 attributes with specific indicators to accommodate IoT characteristics and to meet the needs of infectious disease surveillance design. The proof of concept was conducted by adopting the reference model into an IoT system design for the active digital surveillance of the Covid-19 disease. The use-case of the design was a communitybased surveillance (CBS) system utilizing the IoT to detect initial symptoms and prevent closed contacts of Covid-19 in a nursing home. We then elaborated its compliance with the 14 attributes of the reference model, reflecting how the IoT design should meet the criteria mandated by the model. The study finds that the proposed reference model could eventually benefit engineers who develop the complete IoT design, as well as epidemiologists, the government or the relevant policy makers who work in preventing infectious diseases from worsening. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
Highlights
The current Covid-19 pandemic era has taught us the importance of conducting surveillance of people who are carriers of infectious diseases
We utilized the framework of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) surveillance evaluation [10][11][12], which consists of 10 parameters ranging from usefulness to representativeness, to which we added two modified parameters of security and standard [13][14], together with two others related to the essential concerns of mobility and sustainability
Since Covid-19 transmission has reached the global community in many countries, adaptability design should comply with many different conditions; those which may differentiate the design include the unequal distribution of Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure, differences in geographic area, and the population density in each community
Summary
The current Covid-19 pandemic era has taught us the importance of conducting surveillance of people who are carriers of infectious diseases. Infectious disease surveillance is a process that starts with data collection on the diseases and other relevant factors and is conducted continuously and systematically It continues with a dynamic analysis of the disease spread from three different perspectives: temporal, spatial, and populational. This paper proposes a reference model for the design of an active digital surveillance system of infectious diseases employing IoT technology. We utilized the framework of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) surveillance evaluation [10][11][12], which consists of 10 parameters ranging from usefulness to representativeness, to which we added two modified parameters of security and standard [13][14], together with two others related to the essential concerns of mobility and sustainability These framework constructs comprise the 14 new attributes of the reference model. The remainder of the paper is organized into sections addressing the theories of the IoT as a surveillance system (Section II); the IoT as a form of active digital surveillance of infectious diseases (Section III); the reference model that we are proposing (Section IV); discussion of the proof of the concept (Section V); and the conclusion to the study (Section VI)
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