Abstract
Comparisons between different laboratories on long‐term stability analyses of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is still lacking in the literature. This work presents the results of an interlaboratory study conducted between five laboratories from four countries. Carbon‐based PSCs are prepared by screen printing, encapsulated, and sent to different laboratories across Europe to assess their stability by the application of three ISOS aging protocols: (a) in the dark (ISOS‐D), (b) under simulated sunlight (ISOS‐L), and (c) outdoors (ISOS‐O). Over 1000 h stability is reported for devices in the dark, both at room temperature and at 65 °C. Under continuous illumination at open circuit, cells survive only for few hours, although they recover after being stored in the dark. Better stability is observed for cells biased at maximum power point under illumination. Finally, devices operate in outdoors for 30 days, with minor degradation, in two different locations (Barcelona, Spain and Paola, Malta). The findings demonstrate that open‐circuit conditions are too severe for stability assessment and that the diurnal variation of the photovoltaic parameters reveals performance to be strongly limited by the fill factor, in the central hours of the day, due to the high series resistance of the carbon electrode.
Highlights
C-perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were manufactured by screen printing and infiltrated with AVA-MAPI solution at a single manufacturing site, encapsulated and sent for characterisation at different laboratories, which were tested in accordance with the ISOS protocols
Silver paint was applied to the contacts and a black tape mask to the glass side, with an aperture of 0.5 cm2 to univocally define the active area, allowing consistency for samples measured in different laboratories
We have carried out an Inter-Laboratory stability analyses of carbon-based HTM-free PSCs (C-PSC) fabricated under controlled conditions by different laboratories
Summary
In the wide range of possible device architectures and material combinations demonstrated so far for perovskite solar cells (PSC)[1,2], carbon-based HTM-free PSCs (C-PSC)[3] are one of the most promising, in terms of ease of manufacture and long-term stability[4] as well as environmental impact, which can be estimated via life cycle assessment (LCA)[5]. C-PSCs were manufactured by screen printing and infiltrated with AVA-MAPI solution at a single manufacturing site, encapsulated and sent for characterisation at different laboratories, which were tested in accordance with the ISOS protocols. A long, participated and fruitful discussion about the application of the ISOS protocols to perovskite solar cells has very recently led to a consensus over procedures for assessing the stability and reporting data[23], in this work (carried out before the publication of the new consensus) the previous ISOS guidelines, agreed on by the OPV community[24], were adopted. All cells were masked before being shipped to ensure the same active area to be measured in different labs
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