Abstract
Triatomines have evolved salivary glands that produce versatile molecules with various biological functions, including those leading their interactions with vertebrate hosts’ hemostatic and immunological systems. Here, using high-throughput transcriptomics and proteomics, we report the first sialome study on the synanthropic triatomine Triatoma sordida. As a result, 57,645,372 reads were assembled into 26,670 coding sequences (CDS). From these, a total of 16,683 were successfully annotated. The sialotranscriptomic profile shows Lipocalin as the most abundant protein family within putative secreted transcripts. Trialysins and Kazal-type protease inhibitors have high transcript levels followed by ubiquitous protein families and enzyme classes. Interestingly, abundant trialysin and Kazal-type members are highlighted in this triatomine sialotranscriptome. Furthermore, we identified 132 proteins in T. sordida salivary gland soluble extract through LC-MS/MS spectrometry. Lipocalins, Hemiptera specific families, CRISP/Antigen-5 and Kazal-type protein inhibitors proteins were identified. Our study provides a comprehensive description of the transcript and protein compositions of the salivary glands of T. sordida. It significantly enhances the information in the Triatominae sialome databanks reported so far, improving the understanding of the vector’s biology, the hematophagous behaviour, and the Triatominae subfamily’s evolution.
Highlights
Hematophagous arthropod vectors evolved salivary bioactive molecules that impair and/or modulate prey’s physiological responses triggered by the bite to obtain a blood meal successfully
The coding sequences (CDS) were classified into seven different categories: Housekeeping (H), salivary putative Secreted (S), Immunity related (IR), Unknowns (U), Proteasome machinery (P), Transposable elements (TE) and Viral product (Vr)
P (FPKM = 0.6%), IR (FPKM = 0.1%), TE (FPKM < 0.1%) and Vr (FPKM < 0.1%) categories accounted for less than 0.8% of the FPKM from functionally annotated CDS
Summary
Hematophagous arthropod vectors evolved salivary bioactive molecules that impair and/or modulate prey’s physiological responses triggered by the bite to obtain a blood meal successfully. These proteins have specific and critical targets in the vertebrate host immune and hemostatic systems, acting locally efficiently to obtain blood in a fluid state (Ribeiro, 1995). The main routes of T. cruzi transmission occur through the vector (vector-borne) or contaminated food supply (food-borne) when in contact with faeces/urine of an infected triatomine bug Alternative routes such as organ transplantation, blood transfusion, and congenital are possible, which enabled the disease to cross endemic boundaries due to migratory flows in the last decades, making it a worldwide threat (Lindoso and Lindoso, 2009; OPAS, 2017; WHO, 2021). In Brazil, T. sordida is a synanthropic species commonly captured in human dwellings, revealing its epidemiological importance (Diotaiuti et al, 1998; Noireau et al, 1998; Noireau et al, 1999a; Noireau et al, 1999b; Gurgel-Gonçalves et al, 2012; Galvão and Gurgel-gonçalves, 2014)
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