Abstract
This paper presents an integrative demand response (DR) mechanism for energy management of appliances, an energy storage system and an electric vehicle (EV) within a home. The paper considers vehicle-to-home (V2H) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) functions for energy management of EVs and the degradation cost of the EV battery caused by the V2H/V2G operation in developing the proposed DR mechanism. An efficient optimization algorithm is developed based on approximate dynamic programming, which overcomes the challenges of solving high dimensional optimization problems for the integrative home energy system. To investigate how the participation of different home appliances affects the DR efficiency, several DR scenarios are designed. Then, a detailed simulation study is conducted to investigate and compare home energy management efficiency under different scenarios.
Highlights
As a key feature of the smart grid, demand response (DR) brings reliability and efficiency to the electric system through reducing or shifting peak demand for energy [1]
The contributions of the paper include: (1) the formulation of a joint optimization of all types of residential appliances, energy storage system (ESS) and electric vehicle (EV) considering the electricity consumption cost, user’s thermal comfort and battery degradation of the EV; (2) a solution method based on the design of Approximate dynamic programming (ADP) for the Sustainability 2017, 9, 1248 integrative DR scheduling to overcome the difficulty of solving the high dimensional optimization problem due to the increasing number of DR-capable appliances; (3) detailed comparative analysis about how the integration of different home appliances affects the DR efficiency
The average power drawn by the heating ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) in time slot i is denoted as PiHVAC, which is constrained by its upper limit PmHaVxAC
Summary
As a key feature of the smart grid, demand response (DR) brings reliability and efficiency to the electric system through reducing or shifting peak demand for energy [1]. An integrative DR study on optimal scheduling of different types of appliances, ESS and a V2H/V2G-enabled EV considering the battery degradation cost of the EV is presented. The contributions of the paper include: (1) the formulation of a joint optimization of all types of residential appliances, ESS and EV considering the electricity consumption cost, user’s thermal comfort and battery degradation of the EV; (2) a solution method based on the design of ADP for the Sustainability 2017, 9, 1248 integrative DR scheduling to overcome the difficulty of solving the high dimensional optimization problem due to the increasing number of DR-capable appliances; (3) detailed comparative analysis about how the integration of different home appliances affects the DR efficiency.
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