An integrative approach to unravel the Ceratitis FAR (Diptera, Tephritidae) cryptic species complex: a review.

Blanka Kalinova,Maulid Mwatawala,Sunday Ekesi,Aruna Manrakhan,Lucie Vancikova,Radka Brizova,Hélène Delatte,Joannes Van Cann,Kurt Jordaens,Massi Virgilio,Marc de Meyer,Gary Steck

doi:10.3897/zookeys.540.10046

Abstract

This paper reviews all information gathered from different disciplines and studies to resolve the species status within the Ceratitis FAR (Ceratitis fasciventris, Ceratitis anonae, Ceratitis rosa) complex, a group of polyphagous fruit fly pest species (Diptera, Tephritidae) from Africa. It includes information on larval and adult morphology, wing morphometrics, cuticular hydrocarbons, pheromones, microsatellites, developmental physiology and geographic distribution. The general consensus is that the FAR complex comprises Ceratitis anonae, two species within Ceratitis rosa (so-called R1 and R2) and two putatitve species under Ceratitis fasciventris. The information regarding the latter is, however, too limited to draw final conclusions on specific status. Evidence for this recognition is discussed with reference to publications providing further details.

Highlights

Historical background and systematic positionCeratitis MacLeay is an Afrotropical genus of tephritid fruit flies comprising close to 100 species found in Sub-Saharan Africa and the islands of the Western Indian Ocean
Baliraine et al (2004) revealed significant differentiation with respect to genotypic frequencies between C. rosa specimens from the African mainland and the Indian Ocean islands, and between C. fasciventris from Kenya and from Uganda
Virgilio et al (2013) used these microsatellites to survey the allelic variation in 27 African populations of the three morphospecies. Their main finding was that the complex comprises five genotypic clusters, based upon the individual Bayesian assignments of STRUCTURE (Pritchard et al 2000): a single C. anonae genotypic cluster, two clusters for C. fasciventris and two clusters, of C. rosa (Figure 7)

Summary

Introduction

Ceratitis MacLeay is an Afrotropical genus of tephritid fruit flies comprising close to 100 species found in Sub-Saharan Africa and the islands of the Western Indian Ocean. This was corroborated by findings on the island of La Réunion where C. rosa occupies a colder and more humid climate niche than C. capitata (Duyck et al 2006) These results were contradicted by Grout and Stoltz (2007) who studied the developmental thresholds for a number of Ceratitis species, based on South African populations and concluded that the situation in South Africa is different from that in La Réunion. This led to the suggestion that C. rosa could comprise entities with different biological requirements

Objective

Results

Conclusion