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Abstract
Apple skin russeting naturally occurs in many varieties, particularly in “Golden Delicious” and its pedigree, and is regarded as a non-invasive physiological disorder partly caused by excessive deposition of lignin. However, the understanding of its molecular mechanism is still limited. In this study, we used iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) and RNA-seq to detect the changes in the expression levels of genes and proteins in three developmental stages of russeting formation, in russeted (non-bagging) and non-russeted (bagging) skin of “Golden Delicious” apple. 2856 differentially expressed genes and 942 differentially expressed proteins in the comparison groups were detected at the transcript level and protein level, respectively. A correlation analysis of the transcriptomics and proteomics data revealed that four genes (MD03G1059200, MD08G1009200, MD17G1092400, and MD17G1225100) involved in lignin biosynthesis are significant changed during apple russeting formation. Additionally, 92 transcription factors, including 4 LIM transcription factors, may be involved in apple russeting formation. Among them, one LIM transcription factor (MD15G1068200) was capable of binding to the PAL-box like (CCACTTGAGTAC) element, which indicated it was potentially involved in lignin biosynthesis. This study will provide further views on the molecular mechanisms controlling apple russeting formation.
Highlights
Apple skin russeting naturally occurs in many varieties, in “Golden Delicious” and its pedigree, and is regarded as a non-invasive physiological disorder partly caused by excessive deposition of lignin
The results showed that WLIM1 and MYB3 participated in the regulation of lignin biosynthesis related-genes, interestingly, WLIM1 acted directly on CAD9 (Figure 4B), which may catalyze the final step specific for the production of lignin monomers (KEGG pathway, ko00940)
Through the functional protein association network analysis we found LIM transcription factors (TFs) had a direct interaction relationship with CAD9, and further phylogenetic analysis showed MdLIM1 was closely related to NtLIM1, indicating that it may be involved in the lignin biosynthesis in apple russeting
Summary
Apple skin russeting naturally occurs in many varieties, in “Golden Delicious” and its pedigree, and is regarded as a non-invasive physiological disorder partly caused by excessive deposition of lignin. Study on Malus × domestica found that apple russeting may be closely related to higher accumulation of phloridzin in the skin, and the synthetic precursors of phloridzin were regulated by PAL, C4H (cinnamate hydroxylase), and 4CL (4-coumaric acid- CoA ligase). It suggested that additional transcription regulators or genes related to phenylpropanoid or lignin biosynthesis may play important roles in the formation of apple russeting [24]
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