Abstract
We studied photonic electric-field sensors using a 1 × 2 YBB-MZI modulator composed of two complementary outputs and a 3 dB directional coupler based on the electro-optic effect and titanium diffused lithium–niobate optical waveguides. The measured DC switching voltage and extinction ratio at the wavelength 1.3 μm were ~16.6 V and ~14.7 dB, respectively. The minimum detectable fields were ~1.12 V/m and ~3.3 V/m, corresponding to the ~22 dB and ~18 dB dynamic ranges of ~10 MHz and 50 MHz, respectively, for an rf power of 20 dBm. The sensor shows an almost linear response to the applied electric-field strength within the range of 0.29 V/m to 29.8 V/m.
Highlights
Electric-field sensors that exhibit wide, flat frequency response characteristics are important tools for electromagnetic compatibility and interference (EMC/EMI) measurements, high-frequency electronic circuit analysis, medical equipment field observation, radio-frequency reception, and high-power microwave detection
Paper, we provide the quantitative theory of a YBB-Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) modulator and report on a electric-field dynamic range, and sensitivity
The device was tested in a uniform electric-field environment by placing it in a Transverse Electro Magnetic (TEM)
Summary
Electric-field sensors that exhibit wide, flat frequency response characteristics are important tools for electromagnetic compatibility and interference (EMC/EMI) measurements, high-frequency electronic circuit analysis, medical equipment field observation, radio-frequency reception, and high-power microwave detection. A linear modulator that is passively biased to the optimal linear operating point is required This has been demonstrated for asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) and 1 × 2 directional couplers. The complexity of the output, with two complementary output waveguides [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19] This type of modulator provides a transfer function makes it impossible to utilize the sensor in a specific range (namely, the ratio well-defined transfer function for the output optical power versus the detected electric-field intensityof interaction length to conversion and can be automatically biased atlength). Before going into the output directional coupler, the optical wave in the two arms has an extrinsic phase mismatch Φ(Ee ) due to the detected electric field.
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