Abstract
This study developed an integrated energy management/gear-shifting strategy by using a bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) in an engine/motor hybrid powertrain with electric continuously variable transmission. A control-oriented vehicle model was constructed on the Matlab/Simulink platform for further integration with developed control strategies. A baseline control strategy with four modes was developed for comparison with the proposed BFA. The BFA was used with five bacterial populations to search for the optimal gear ratio and power-split ratio for minimizing the cost: the equivalent fuel consumption. Three main procedures were followed: chemotaxis, reproduction, and elimination-dispersal. After the vehicle model was integrated with the vehicle control unit with the BFA, two driving patterns, the New European Driving Cycle and the Federal Test Procedure, were used to evaluate the energy consumption improvement and equivalent fuel consumption compared with the baseline. The results show that[18.35%,21.77%]and[8.76%,13.81%]were improved for the optimal energy management and integrated optimization at the first and second driving cycles, respectively. Real-time platform designs and vehicle integration for a dynamometer test will be investigated in the future.
Highlights
The hybridization of power sources, energy sources, and system configurations for green vehicles has become a mature technology because of outstanding performance [1,2,3,4]
This study developed an integrated energy management/gear-shifting strategy by using a bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) in an engine/motor hybrid powertrain with electric continuously variable transmission
Value 400 2000 0.5 0.2 4.0 90% 0.335 2 m2 1.225 kg/m3 0.009 1986 kg 9.81 m/s2 0.282 m 295 g/kW-hr 25 A-h the BFA, the movements of the first five bacteria in the population at the 15th second during the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) for optimal energy management and optimal energy management/gear-shifting controls are shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively
Summary
The hybridization of power sources, energy sources, and system configurations for green vehicles has become a mature technology because of outstanding performance (long traveling distance, energy recovery, superior acceleration, optimal control, favorable fuel economy, and low or zero emission) [1,2,3,4]. Three configurations (serial, parallel, and power-split or dual-mode) were developed and studied [5]. Various types of advanced vehicle powertrains have been developed to improve the energy usage including electric continuously variable transmission (e-CVT) powersplit hybrid systems [6, 7]. Considering complexity and system efficiency, this study chose parallel hybrid powertrains for control strategy implementation. Because engine fuel consumption was critical to overall system performance, an e-CVT was equipped downstream of the engine to properly shift the operation points to the efficient area
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