An Integrated Micro-Fluxgate Magnetic Sensor With Front-End Circuitry

Abstract

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, a double-axis planar micro-Fluxgate magnetic sensor and its front-end circuitry are presented. The ferromagnetic core material, i.e., the Vitrovac 6025 X, has been deposited on top of the coils with the dc-magnetron sputtering technique, which is a new type of procedure with respect to the existing solutions in the field of Fluxgate sensors. This procedure allows us to obtain a core with the good magnetic properties of an amorphous ferromagnetic material, which is typical of a core with 25-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu \hbox{m}$</tex></formula> thickness, but with a thickness of only 1 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{m}$ </tex></formula>, which is typical of an electrodeposited core. The micro-Fluxgate has been realized in a 0.5- <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex></formula> CMOS process using copper metal lines to realize the excitation coil and aluminum metal lines for the sensing coil, whereas the integrated interface circuitry for exciting and reading out the sensor has been realized in a 0.35-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{m}$ </tex></formula> CMOS technology. Applying a triangular excitation current of 18 mA peak at 100 kHz, the magnetic sensitivity achieved is about 10 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{LSB}/\mu\hbox{T}$</tex></formula> [using a 13-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC)], which is suitable for detecting the Earth's magnetic field <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$(\pm 60\ \mu\hbox{T})$</tex></formula>, whereas the linearity error is 3% of the full scale. The maximum angle error of the sensor evaluating the Earth magnetic field is 2 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}$</tex></formula>. The power consumption of the sensor is about 13.7 mW. The total power consumption of the system is about 90 mW. </para>