An integrated evaluation of graphene-based concrete mixture with copper slag and quarry dust using response surface methodology

Abstract

The study aims to suggest an optimization technique to determine the proportion of Graphene Nanoplatelets, copper slag, and quarry dust for concrete manufacturing. The individual and combined effects of the aforementioned materials on slump, compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength are studied through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The central composite design (CCD) is applied in the RSM technique to optimize the mix among the 28 concrete groupings. The optimum performance of the concrete mixes with different materials is determined using variables in the model, which are then verified using experimental results. RSM is a technique with multiple response optimization (MRO) conflicts: the attainment of the slump must be within the target, whereas other responses require maximization. The MRO problems are addressed by developing a desirability function, which is a statistical method. The desirability of each model attained greater than 95%. The accuracy of the RSM model is evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA), absolute relative deviation, and desirability function. Hence, it is established that the RSM model is reliable and effective for analyzing and optimizing concrete mixes based on their fresh and mechanical properties. The incorporation of 0.25% of Graphene Nanoplatelets into concrete mixtures manufactured with 60% of copper slag and 40% of quarry dust enhanced the mechanical properties of concrete.