Abstract
The sedge mats (dyeing, weaving processes, and small-scale livestock farm at the same place) craft villages in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam) are the most popular craft villages in Vietnam, especially in the Mekong Delta area. These craft villages generate typical emissions such as exhaust gas from burning fuel, wastewater from the sedge mats dyeing and weaving process, wastewater from livestock farm, and solid waste. In this study, an ecological system, so-called VICRAIZES (Vietnam Craft villages Agro-based Industrial Zero Emission System), has been developed with the purpose to decrease pollution and enhance resource efficiency at those craft villages. The proposed ecosystem focused on measures such as (1) biogas tank (using residue pieces of solid sedge mats from weaving processing) supplied gas for burning the dyeing tank, (2) wastewater treatment system combining three components: innovative septic tank having upward flow thin baffles, anaerobic filter compartment, and bio-pond, and (3) composting area. The system was applied for a number of household craft villages in Dong Thap Province, Vietnam. The results of system demonstration show significant emission decreases: 93 % greenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4), 97 % BOD5 in wastewater, around 30 kg/day biodegradable garbage are composted and used as organic fertilizers at the household needs (which increase family income of around 115 million VND/year), low initial investment and operating cost, simple operating procedure, etc., which are favorable and applicable at the low income sedge mats dyeing and weaving craft villages in the Mekong Delta area, Vietnam, and probably at other developing countries. The VICRAIZES system implementation shows remarkable benefits/advantages on environmental, economic, and technical aspects giving real chances for more comprehensive application at similar craft villages in Vietnam and possibly in other developing countries.
Highlights
The sedge mats craft villages in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam) are the most popular craft villages in Vietnam, especially in the Mekong Delta area
The survey results of Chi indicated that 100 % wastewater samples taken from surveyed craft villages have exceeded permissible discharge standards, surface and groundwater at the village area are polluted significantly at different level, and the air pollution in the craft villages is observed at the processing area
System design The VICRAIZES system is designed based upon the input parameters: number of members at the household; production capacity; pond area, garden area, etc., which are used for the calculation of energy demands for family need and craft production; number of pigs and volume of biogas digester required, wastewater quantity discharged, quantity of garbage, load of emission gases, greenhouse gases; treatment capability of the pond; and capacity of wastewater treatment system
Summary
The sedge mats (dyeing, weaving processes, and small-scale livestock farm at the same place) craft villages in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam) are the most popular craft villages in Vietnam, especially in the Mekong Delta area. These craft villages generate typical emissions such as exhaust gas from burning fuel, wastewater from the sedge mats dyeing and weaving process, wastewater from livestock farm, and solid waste. The typical craft village is a group of households having craft production and living activities at the same place It contains many point source pollutions (from small-scale manufacturing households), which could directly affect negatively on the whole residential living area. Most pollution sources in the craft villages (in Vietnam in general, and in the Mekong Delta area) have no treatment prevention measures
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