Abstract
The global trade of energy allows for the distribution of the world’s collective energy resources and, therefore, an increase in energy access. However, this network of trade also generates a network of virtually traded resources that have been used to produce energy commodities. An integrated database of energy trade water footprints is necessary to capture interrelated energy and water concerns of a globalized economy,and is also motivated by current climate and population trends. Here, we quantify and present the virtual water embedded in energy trade across the globe from 2012 to 2018, building on previous water footprinting and energy virtual water trade studies to create an integrated database. We use data from the United Nations Comtrade database and combine several literature estimates of water consumption of energy commodities to generate the global virtual water trade network. Results include a comprehensive database of virtual water trade for energy at the country level, greatly expanding the literature availability on virtual water trade. The total volume of virtual water trade increased 35% from 157 km3 in 2012 to 211 km3 in 2018. The global trade of oil and fuelwood are consistent drivers of virtual water trade over time, whereas coal, hydrocarbons, and charcoal collectively contribute less than 4% of total virtual water trade between 2012 and 2018. Electricity, despite a less dense trade network constrained by infrastructure, contributes notably to virtual water trade, driven largely by water use for hydroelectricity. This study develops an integrated assessment of previous virtual water studies to estimate global virtual water trade of energy, creating a platform for future global studies.
Highlights
IntroductionWesternized society today relies on resources such as clean water, reliable electricity, and readily available energy
We build upon previous research in the energy-water nexus and water footprinting to assess the virtual water trade of eleven different energy commodities between countries, creating an integrated global perspective on energy and water resources
We build on previous water footprint and energy-water nexus studies to create an integrated virtual water trade network across seven years and eleven energy commodities
Summary
Westernized society today relies on resources such as clean water, reliable electricity, and readily available energy. Without these resources, much of what we experience in our lives today would not be possible. The energy-water nexus identifies the dependence of water and energy systems on one another. Water systems rely upon energy for the supply, treatment, and distribution of water resources [1, 2]. Energy systems rely upon water resources for the extraction and refining of fuels and the generation of electricity. There have been several studies that have identified the water consumption of fuels [3–5], the operational water demands of thermoelectric power generation [6–9], and the water consumption from evaporation at hydroelectric dams [10, 11]. There have been several studies that have identified the full life-cycle water impacts of energy
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