Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a new member of the coronavirus family and caused the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2020. It is crucial to design and produce an effective vaccine for the prevention of rapid transmission and possible deaths wcaused by the disease. Although intensive work and research are being carried out all over the world to develop a vaccine, an effective and approved formulation that can prevent the infection and limit the outbreak has not been announced yet. Among all types of vaccines, epitope-based peptide vaccines outshine with their low-cost production, easy modification in the structure, and safety. In this review, vaccine studies against COVID-19 have been summarized and detailed information about the epitope-based peptide vaccines against COVID-19 has been provided. We have not only compared the peptide vaccine with other types of vaccines but also presented comprehensive literature information about development steps for an effective and protective formulation to give an insight into on-going peptide vaccine studies against SARS-CoV-2.
Highlights
Coronaviruses belonging to the family Coronaviridae from the members of the order Nidovirales are spherical, enveloped, and single-stranded positive RNA viruses within the diameter range of 60–220 nm, which have rodshaped glycoprotein extensions in their outer surfaces and carry a genome size of 26–32 kb (King et al, 2011; Li et al, 2020; Shereen et al, 2020)
Among the coronaviruses, which are classified into four subgroups: alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), and delta (δ) (Kin et al, 2015), the strains that currently infect humans are seven; HCoV229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 (Nomura et al, 2004)
Following the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) that occurred in China in 2002, MERS-CoV caused endemic in the Middle East countries in 2013 (Brian and Baric, 2005), while SARS-CoV-2 created pandemics in 20201
Summary
Coronaviruses belonging to the family Coronaviridae from the members of the order Nidovirales are spherical, enveloped, and single-stranded positive RNA viruses within the diameter range of 60–220 nm, which have rodshaped glycoprotein extensions in their outer surfaces and carry a genome size of 26–32 kb (King et al, 2011; Li et al, 2020; Shereen et al, 2020). It was shown in the study that specific antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 3 different animals which had been immunized with the inactivated virus vaccine candidate (Gao et al, 2020). The first step in the in silico-approached immunoinformatic epitope-based peptide studies is to identify the virus’s antigen that stimulates antibodies and targets that are important for immunity (Kibria et al, 2020).
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