An Insight into Probiotics Bio-Route: Translocation from the Mother’s Gut to the Mammary Gland

Shanmugaprakasham Selvamani,Hesham El Enshasy,Shafiul Haque,Ho Keat,R Sayyed,Daniel Dailin,Vijai Gupta,Roslinda Malek,Dalia Sukmawati,Bassam Abomoelak,Theodoros Varzakas,Mohd Wahid,Khairun Natasya

doi:10.3390/app11167247

Abstract

Human breast milk (HBM) is unique in its composition as it is adapted to fulfil the newborns’ nutritional requirement and helps in improving the health of newborns. Besides various nutrients, the human milk also contains diverse group of microbiotas. The human milk microbiota has a remarkable impact on the growth and development of a newborn. Additionally, the human milk microbiota enhances the colonization of microbes in the gut of infants. Debates about the origin of HBM microbial flora remain premature and contradictory in some cases. Recent data suggest that the maternal gut microbiota has a major impact on microbial composition, areolar skin, and from the infant’s oral cavity. The current review investigates the possible route of microbial transfer from the maternal gut to mammary gland and suggests that it might occur through the entero-mammary pathway. It involves precise selection of probiotic microorganisms from the gut, as the human gut hosts trillions of microorganisms involved in gut homeostasis and other metabolic pathways. Gastrointestinal lymphatic vessels, macrophages, and dendritic cells are shown to play a significant role in the microbial transmission. Furthermore, the role of microbial factors in the development of neonatal immunity and translocation of secretory IgA (SIgA) cells from the intestinal lumen to GALT and finally to mammary glands via entero-mammary link are discussed.

Highlights

Human breast milk (HBM) is the gold standard in care for all infants and children.There are various nutritional and non-nutritional bioactive components in human milk.To ensure survivability and healthy development, their compositions are dynamic and 4.0/).gradually altered as the newborn grows [1,2]
This review explores the possible bio-routes involved in the translocation of gut origin microbiota into the mammary glands
This study identified several Lactobacillus strains of Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and L. reuteri

Summary

Introduction

Human breast milk (HBM) is the gold standard in care for all infants and children.There are various nutritional and non-nutritional bioactive components in human milk.To ensure survivability and healthy development, their compositions are dynamic and 4.0/).gradually altered as the newborn grows [1,2]. Human breast milk (HBM) is the gold standard in care for all infants and children. There are various nutritional and non-nutritional bioactive components in human milk. Human milk harbors a unique microbial population that naturally develops from the first breastfeed. Due to its dynamic nature and high heterogeneity, the human milk microbiota is a complex and variable ecosystem [3]. Human milk was considered sterile, and the presence of microorganisms was considered as a contamination or due to infection such as mastitis. Numerous approaches, both culture-dependent and culture-independent, have revealed the existence of diverse bacterial communities. The bacterial communities include Bifidobacteria, Staphylococci, Streptococci, and other lactic acid bacteria [4,5,6]

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