Abstract
AbstractThe rapid evolution of wireless networks is leading to the emergence of 6G, promising unprecedented performance. We propose a nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA)‐based multiuser generalized spatial modulation (GSM) system that allows various transmitting antennas. Integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with NOMA and GSM enhances overall network performance. This paper proposes optimizing UAV‐GSM‐NOMA systems in 6G using the butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA) in the two‐wave with diffuse power (TWDP) channel. Results are compared with those obtained from Nakagami and Rayleigh channels. Objectives include enhancing the sumrate, outage probability (OP), and energy efficiency (EE) in perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI). Simulation results yield significant improvements in the TWDP channel compared with the Nakagami and Rayleigh channels. The OP is reduced, the sumrate is enhanced, and the EE is notably improved. These findings underscore the BOA's potential for 6G UAV‐GSM‐NOMA networks in challenging channel environments, ensuring reliable and efficient communication.
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