Abstract
In this paper, the synthesis of porous manganese substituted hydroxyapatite (Mn-HAp) coating on zinc oxide (ZnO) coated stainless steel (316L SS) using the electrodeposition technique is reported. The structural, functional, morphological, and elemental analyses are characterized by various analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results of electrochemical techniques such as cyclic polarization and impedance show that the Mn-HAp coating on ZnO coated 316L SS has the highest corrosion resistance in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. Moreover, dissolution of metal ions was extremely reduced, as evaluated by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The adhesion and hardness of Mn-HAp/ZnO bilayer coatings have superior mechanical properties over individual coatings. Further, the biocompatibility of in vitro osteoblast attachment, cell viability, and live/dead assessment also confirmed the suitability of Mn-HAp/ZnO bilayer coating on 316L SS for orthopedic applications.
Highlights
Metals have been used for implant applications since 1895
After deposition of the manganese substituted hydroxyapatite (Mn-HAp)/zinc oxide (ZnO) bilayer coating on 316L SS surface, it was washed with deionized water to remove residual electrolyte and dried for 24 h
The leached out metal ions from pristine 316L SS, and Mn-HAp, ZnO, and Mn-HAp/ZnO bilayer coating on 316L SS substrate were determined by applying an impressed potential of 455 mv vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) just above the breakdown potential (Eb) of the pristine 316L SS for 1 h in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution after completion of the potentiodynamic polarization analysis
Summary
Stainless steel (316L SS) is the most used alloy in orthopedic and dental implant applications, owing to its high corrosion protection, excellent mechanical strength, good processsability, biocompatibility, and low cost [1]. This material is employed in load-bearing applications such as bone fixation and total joint replacement in the human body [2]. Several attempts have been made to use nanosized (small size and high surface area) particle coatings on implant devices As mentioned above, such coatings would be corrosion protective, a significant advantage [12,13]. This is anticipated to be a superior appropriate alternative material for orthopedic implant compared to the existing coating materials
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